Question 1

Which of the following is NOT True about the role normal microbiota plays in maintaining host health?

Accepted Answer

A)  They provide a surface that is incompatible for attachment of an invader. 
B)  They establish competition for nutrients and vitamins. 
C)  They produce antimicrobial substances. 
D)  They inhibit the innate immune system. 
E)  All of the choices are True. 
A)  They provide a surface that is incompatible for attachment of an invader. 
B)  They establish competition for nutrients and vitamins. 
C)  They produce antimicrobial substances. 
D)  They inhibit the innate immune system. 
E)  All of the choices are True. D

Question 2

Which is True about superantigens?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are a type of exotoxin AND they stimulate an abnormally high number of TC cells. 
B)  They bind to MHC class II molecules on T cells AND they are a type of endotoxin. 
C)  They bind to MHC class II molecules on T cells AND they enhance specific antibody production. 
D)  They are processed intracellularly AND they are a type of endotoxin. 
E)  They are a type of exotoxin AND they bind to MHC class II molecules on T cells. 
A)  They are a type of exotoxin AND they stimulate an abnormally high number of TC cells. 
B)  They bind to MHC class II molecules on T cells AND they are a type of endotoxin. 
C)  They bind to MHC class II molecules on T cells AND they enhance specific antibody production. 
D)  They are processed intracellularly AND they are a type of endotoxin. 
E)  They are a type of exotoxin AND they bind to MHC class II molecules on T cells. E

Question 3

Please select the False statement regarding viral avoidance of the immune response.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some viruses interfere with antigen presentation by MHC class I molecules. 
B)  Some viruses produce enzymes that, when activated, make holes in the phagocyte membrane, killing the cell. 
C)  Some viruses move directly from one cell to its immediate neighbors, thus avoiding antibodies. 
D)  Some viruses encode proteins that shut down expression of host genes such as those encoding IFNs and AVPs. 
E)  Some viruses display "fake" MHC class I molecules, tricking the immune system into believing that the cell is uninfected. 
A)  Some viruses interfere with antigen presentation by MHC class I molecules. 
B)  Some viruses produce enzymes that, when activated, make holes in the phagocyte membrane, killing the cell. 
C)  Some viruses move directly from one cell to its immediate neighbors, thus avoiding antibodies. 
D)  Some viruses encode proteins that shut down expression of host genes such as those encoding IFNs and AVPs. 
E)  Some viruses display "fake" MHC class I molecules, tricking the immune system into believing that the cell is uninfected. B

Question 4

Finally, you use a diagram to illustrate to Jay how some pathogens avoid phagocytosis, which is part of the innate immune defense. You tell him that Salmonella is able to avoid phagocytosis by preventing formation of the phagolyososome. Which of the following is NOT a way for a pathogen to avoid phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Some pathogens escape from the phagosome before it fuses with lysosomes. 
B)  Some pathogens survive the destructive environment within the phagolysosome. 
C)  Some pathogens avoid being recognized by phagocytes and thus avoid being engulfed by the cell. 
D)  Some pathogens kill phagocytes, often by using toxins to form pores in their membranes. 
E)  Some pathogens are serum-resistant, avoiding the killing effects of phagocyte complement proteins. 
A)  Some pathogens escape from the phagosome before it fuses with lysosomes. 
B)  Some pathogens survive the destructive environment within the phagolysosome. 
C)  Some pathogens avoid being recognized by phagocytes and thus avoid being engulfed by the cell. 
D)  Some pathogens kill phagocytes, often by using toxins to form pores in their membranes. 
E)  Some pathogens are serum-resistant, avoiding the killing effects of phagocyte complement proteins.

Question 5

The "hygiene hypothesis" proposes that

Accepted Answer

A)  lack of exposure to microbes can lead to development of allergies. 
B)  good hygiene always prevents development of disease. 
C)  hand washing is the best preventative measure against infection. 
D)  the immune system develops best in a clean environment. 
E)  adaptive immunity only develops in a sterile environment. 
A)  lack of exposure to microbes can lead to development of allergies. 
B)  good hygiene always prevents development of disease. 
C)  hand washing is the best preventative measure against infection. 
D)  the immune system develops best in a clean environment. 
E)  adaptive immunity only develops in a sterile environment.

Question 6

Growth of a parasitic organism in or on the host is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  colonization. 
B)  infection. 
C)  pathogenism. 
D)  mutualism. 
E)  commensalism. 
A)  colonization. 
B)  infection. 
C)  pathogenism. 
D)  mutualism. 
E)  commensalism.

Question 7

The length of the incubation period depends on a variety of factors, including

Accepted Answer

A)  the growth rate of the pathogen AND environmental conditions. 
B)  the host's condition AND the carrier's vaccination status. 
C)  number of infectious cells or virions encountered AND the host's condition. 
D)  number of infectious cells or virions encountered, the host's condition, AND the growth rate of the pathogen. 
E)  the growth rate of the pathogen only. 
A)  the growth rate of the pathogen AND environmental conditions. 
B)  the host's condition AND the carrier's vaccination status. 
C)  number of infectious cells or virions encountered AND the host's condition. 
D)  number of infectious cells or virions encountered, the host's condition, AND the growth rate of the pathogen. 
E)  the growth rate of the pathogen only.

Question 8

The spread of toxin via circulation is called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  septicemia 
B)  bacteremia 
C)  toxemia 
D)  sepsis 
E)  viremia 
A)  septicemia 
B)  bacteremia 
C)  toxemia 
D)  sepsis 
E)  viremia

Question 9

You think that Jay may have a Salmonella infection. Although a person's normal gastrointestinal microbiota protects them from pathogenic infections, in this case, Jay has contracted the disease. You explain to Jay the role his normal microbiota plays in excluding pathogens, including

Accepted Answer

A)  covering binding sites that might otherwise be used for attachment by a pathogen 
B)  consuming available nutrients (thus "starving") the pathogen AND reducing water and oxygen availability in their immediate environment 
C)  producing compounds toxic to other bacteria AND phagocytizing any incoming pathogenic cells 
D)  producing compounds toxic to other bacteria, consuming available nutrients (thus "starving" the pathogen) AND covering binding sites that might otherwise be used for attachment by a pathogen. 
E)  producing compounds toxic to other bacteria, secreting carbohydrate "traps" that catch foreign bacteria AND phagocytizing any incoming pathogenic cells 
A)  covering binding sites that might otherwise be used for attachment by a pathogen 
B)  consuming available nutrients (thus "starving") the pathogen AND reducing water and oxygen availability in their immediate environment 
C)  producing compounds toxic to other bacteria AND phagocytizing any incoming pathogenic cells 
D)  producing compounds toxic to other bacteria, consuming available nutrients (thus "starving" the pathogen) AND covering binding sites that might otherwise be used for attachment by a pathogen. 
E)  producing compounds toxic to other bacteria, secreting carbohydrate "traps" that catch foreign bacteria AND phagocytizing any incoming pathogenic cells

Question 10

The lack of susceptibility to diseases of other species in humans may be due to the

Accepted Answer

A)  lack of any cytokine production. 
B)  presence of endotoxins. 
C)  lack of any cytokine production AND secretion of exotoxins. 
D)  presence of endotoxins AND secretion of exotoxins. 
E)  lack of receptors that are recognized by adherence factors. 
A)  lack of any cytokine production. 
B)  presence of endotoxins. 
C)  lack of any cytokine production AND secretion of exotoxins. 
D)  presence of endotoxins AND secretion of exotoxins. 
E)  lack of receptors that are recognized by adherence factors.

Question 11

The period of time between exposure to an agent and the onset of disease signs and symptoms is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  prodromal phase. 
B)  decline phase. 
C)  incubation period. 
D)  lag phase. 
E)  carrier phase. 
A)  prodromal phase. 
B)  decline phase. 
C)  incubation period. 
D)  lag phase. 
E)  carrier phase.

Question 12

A strong attachment of a microorganism to a host cell automatically leads to disease.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

The microorganisms that are regularly found in or on the body, yet do no apparent harm are called

Accepted Answer

A)  abnormal microbiota. 
B)  normal microbiota. 
C)  transient microbiota. 
D)  variant microbiota. 
E)  random biota. 
A)  abnormal microbiota. 
B)  normal microbiota. 
C)  transient microbiota. 
D)  variant microbiota. 
E)  random biota.

Question 14

Adhesins are

Accepted Answer

A)  involved in the first step of the infectious process AND are endotoxins. 
B)  involved in the first step of the infectious process AND are often found at the tip of pili. 
C)  often found at the tip of pili AND are endotoxins. 
D)  exotoxins AND are involved in the first step of the infectious process. 
E)  are exotoxins OR are endotoxins. 
A)  involved in the first step of the infectious process AND are endotoxins. 
B)  involved in the first step of the infectious process AND are often found at the tip of pili. 
C)  often found at the tip of pili AND are endotoxins. 
D)  exotoxins AND are involved in the first step of the infectious process. 
E)  are exotoxins OR are endotoxins.

Question 15

Disease(s) in which the causative agent becomes latent is/are

Accepted Answer

A)  cold sores AND influenza. 
B)  genital herpes AND pneumonia. 
C)  chickenpox AND influenza. 
D)  shingles, genital herpes, AND cold sores. 
E)  shingles, genital herpes, AND common colds. 
A)  cold sores AND influenza. 
B)  genital herpes AND pneumonia. 
C)  chickenpox AND influenza. 
D)  shingles, genital herpes, AND cold sores. 
E)  shingles, genital herpes, AND common colds.

Question 16

Attributes of an organism that promote pathogenicity are called

Accepted Answer

A)  disease factors. 
B)  colonization factors. 
C)  virulence factors. 
D)  mutualistic factors. 
E)  pathogenic factors. 
A)  disease factors. 
B)  colonization factors. 
C)  virulence factors. 
D)  mutualistic factors. 
E)  pathogenic factors.

Question 17

Bacteria that resist killing by complement proteins are termed

Accepted Answer

A)  serum strong. 
B)  serum resistant. 
C)  balanced pathogens. 
D)  mutualistic. 
E)  mutualistic AND serum resistant. 
A)  serum strong. 
B)  serum resistant. 
C)  balanced pathogens. 
D)  mutualistic. 
E)  mutualistic AND serum resistant.

Question 18

An example of genetic variation used in pathogen survival may be

Accepted Answer

A)  preventing encounters with phagocytes. 
B)  avoid the killing effects of complement system proteins. 
C)  changing the pilus type. 
D)  surviving within a phagocyte. 
E)  protease production. 
A)  preventing encounters with phagocytes. 
B)  avoid the killing effects of complement system proteins. 
C)  changing the pilus type. 
D)  surviving within a phagocyte. 
E)  protease production.

Question 19

The infectious dose

Accepted Answer

A)  is the same for all microorganisms. 
B)  may be 10-100 cells for Salmonella. 
C)  is defined as the number of microbes needed to cause infection. 
D)  is defined as the number of microbes needed to kill the host. 
E)  is the same for all bacteria but varies for viruses. 
A)  is the same for all microorganisms. 
B)  may be 10-100 cells for Salmonella. 
C)  is defined as the number of microbes needed to cause infection. 
D)  is defined as the number of microbes needed to kill the host. 
E)  is the same for all bacteria but varies for viruses.

Question 20

The series of steps used to connect an organism to a disease are known as

Accepted Answer

A)  Pasteur's postulates. 
B)  Lister's aseptics. 
C)  Linnaeus' taxonomics. 
D)  Koch's postulates. 
E)  Bergey's manual 
A)  Pasteur's postulates. 
B)  Lister's aseptics. 
C)  Linnaeus' taxonomics. 
D)  Koch's postulates. 
E)  Bergey's manual

Exam 16: Host-Microbe Interactions

Which of the following is NOT True about the role normal microbiota plays in maintaining host health?

Which is True about superantigens?

Please select the False statement regarding viral avoidance of the immune response.

The "hygiene hypothesis" proposes that

Growth of a parasitic organism in or on the host is referred to as

The length of the incubation period depends on a variety of factors, including

The spread of toxin via circulation is called ________.

You think that Jay may have a Salmonella infection. Although a person's normal gastrointestinal microbiota protects them from pathogenic infections, in this case, Jay has contracted the disease. You explain to Jay the role his normal microbiota plays in excluding pathogens, including

The lack of susceptibility to diseases of other species in humans may be due to the

The period of time between exposure to an agent and the onset of disease signs and symptoms is called the

A strong attachment of a microorganism to a host cell automatically leads to disease.

The microorganisms that are regularly found in or on the body, yet do no apparent harm are called

Adhesins are

Disease(s) in which the causative agent becomes latent is/are

Attributes of an organism that promote pathogenicity are called

Bacteria that resist killing by complement proteins are termed

An example of genetic variation used in pathogen survival may be

The infectious dose

The series of steps used to connect an organism to a disease are known as

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Immunological Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Nervous System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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