Question 1

The procedure developed by the Chinese to protect against smallpox was called

Accepted Answer

A)  Oriental poxination. 
B)  humoral immunity. 
C)  variolation. 
D)  naturally acquired immunity. 
E)  vacciolation. 
A)  Oriental poxination. 
B)  humoral immunity. 
C)  variolation. 
D)  naturally acquired immunity. 
E)  vacciolation. C

Question 2

Precipitation reactions depend on

Accepted Answer

A)  the antigen having one epitope. 
B)  the antibody having one epitope. 
C)  the antigen having two or more epitopes. 
D)  the antigen having no epitopes. 
E)  the epitope have one or more antigens. 
A)  the antigen having one epitope. 
B)  the antibody having one epitope. 
C)  the antigen having two or more epitopes. 
D)  the antigen having no epitopes. 
E)  the epitope have one or more antigens. C

Question 3

Inactivated vaccines typically require booster shots.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

The scientist who made variolation safer and more effective was

Accepted Answer

A)  Pasteur. 
B)  Jenner. 
C)  Metchnikoff. 
D)  Fleming. 
E)  Ehrlich. 
A)  Pasteur. 
B)  Jenner. 
C)  Metchnikoff. 
D)  Fleming. 
E)  Ehrlich.

Question 5

Active immunity develops only after a natural infection and not after vaccination.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Inactivated immunizing agents are prepared by treatment with

Accepted Answer

A)  alcohol. 
B)  phenol. 
C)  formalin. 
D)  histamine. 
E)  mercury. 
A)  alcohol. 
B)  phenol. 
C)  formalin. 
D)  histamine. 
E)  mercury.

Question 7

The serology test that may show the antigen-antibody complex as yellow-green under the microscope while using an ultraviolet light is known as the

Accepted Answer

A)  Western blot. 
B)  fluorescent antibody test. 
C)  ELISA test. 
D)  agglutination test. 
E)  the Ouchterlony test. 
A)  Western blot. 
B)  fluorescent antibody test. 
C)  ELISA test. 
D)  agglutination test. 
E)  the Ouchterlony test.

Question 8

The practice of deliberately stimulating the immune system is called

Accepted Answer

A)  acquired immunity. 
B)  vaccination. 
C)  hypersensitivity. 
D)  memory immunity. 
E)  autoimmunity. 
A)  acquired immunity. 
B)  vaccination. 
C)  hypersensitivity. 
D)  memory immunity. 
E)  autoimmunity.

Question 9

Substances that are contained in vaccines to help induce a better immune response are called

Accepted Answer

A)  primary substances. 
B)  secondary substances. 
C)  adjuncts. 
D)  secondary adjuncts. 
E)  adjuvants. 
A)  primary substances. 
B)  secondary substances. 
C)  adjuncts. 
D)  secondary adjuncts. 
E)  adjuvants.

Question 10

Why does passive immunity not give lifetime protection, while active immunity may?

Accepted Answer

A)  In active immunity, the body's own lymphocytes respond, producing a memory cell population that can respond to a subsequent exposure to the same antigen. Passive immunity only lasts as long as the injected antibodies remain in the body. 
B)  In passive immunity, the body's own lymphocytes respond, producing a memory cell population that can respond to a subsequent exposure to the same antigen. Active immunity only lasts as long as the injected antibodies remain in the body. 
C)  In active immunity, the body's own lymphocytes respond, producing an effector cell population that continually produces antibodies for the duration of the person's lifetime. Passive immunity only lasts as long as the injected antibodies remain in the body. 
D)  In active immunity, the body's own lymphocytes respond, producing an effector cell population that continually produces antibodies for the duration of the person's lifetime. Passive immunity results in the production of antibodies only when an antigen is present. 
E)  This question is misleading. Both passive immunity and active immunity provide lifetime protection. 
A)  In active immunity, the body's own lymphocytes respond, producing a memory cell population that can respond to a subsequent exposure to the same antigen. Passive immunity only lasts as long as the injected antibodies remain in the body. 
B)  In passive immunity, the body's own lymphocytes respond, producing a memory cell population that can respond to a subsequent exposure to the same antigen. Active immunity only lasts as long as the injected antibodies remain in the body. 
C)  In active immunity, the body's own lymphocytes respond, producing an effector cell population that continually produces antibodies for the duration of the person's lifetime. Passive immunity only lasts as long as the injected antibodies remain in the body. 
D)  In active immunity, the body's own lymphocytes respond, producing an effector cell population that continually produces antibodies for the duration of the person's lifetime. Passive immunity results in the production of antibodies only when an antigen is present. 
E)  This question is misleading. Both passive immunity and active immunity provide lifetime protection.

Question 11

Monoclonal antibodies

Accepted Answer

A)  are usually of different classes. 
B)  usually recognize several epitopes. 
C)  have the same variable regions. 
D)  are always IgE. 
E)  All of the answer choices are correct. 
A)  are usually of different classes. 
B)  usually recognize several epitopes. 
C)  have the same variable regions. 
D)  are always IgE. 
E)  All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 12

You are about to graduate as a RN. Your final term project is to prepare a presentation on HIV/AIDS. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a retrovirus—it is an enveloped single-stranded virus that has duplicate copies of a single-stranded RNA genome. All retroviruses encode reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that uses an RNA genome as a template to make a complementary DNA strand. HIV can infect a variety of human cell types, but the most important are the helper T cells (also called CD4 cells)—the virus infects these cells and causes their death; their numbers slowly decline until the immune system can no longer resist infections or tumor development. You give your presentation to the class and are asked by your professor at the end of the session to answer some questions that your peers have on diagnosing HIV.
-The initial test used to diagnose HIV is the ELISA test. This test is

Accepted Answer

A)  a colorimetric assay that is used to locate enzyme-labeled antibodies bound to antigens, often in a microtiter plate. 
B)  a piece of equipment that separates and determines the relative concentrations and certain characteristics of fluorescent-antibody-labeled cells. 
C)  the use of fluorescence microscopy to locate fluorescently labeled antibodies bound to antigens fixed to a microscope slide. 
D)  a "sandwich method" in which a known antigen is trapped between two radioactively labeled microscope slides for viewing. 
E)  None of the answer choices is correct. 
A)  a colorimetric assay that is used to locate enzyme-labeled antibodies bound to antigens, often in a microtiter plate. 
B)  a piece of equipment that separates and determines the relative concentrations and certain characteristics of fluorescent-antibody-labeled cells. 
C)  the use of fluorescence microscopy to locate fluorescently labeled antibodies bound to antigens fixed to a microscope slide. 
D)  a "sandwich method" in which a known antigen is trapped between two radioactively labeled microscope slides for viewing. 
E)  None of the answer choices is correct.

Question 13

A monoclonal antibody is typically IgE and recognizes several epitopes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

An adjuvant has been developed from lipid A.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Whole agent vaccines may contain

Accepted Answer

A)  viruses. 
B)  bacteria. 
C)  toxins. 
D)  polysaccharides. 
E)  viruses OR bacteria. 
A)  viruses. 
B)  bacteria. 
C)  toxins. 
D)  polysaccharides. 
E)  viruses OR bacteria.

Question 16

Which type of vaccine has been used in place of inactivated whole cell vaccine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acellular subunit 
B)  Whole cell attenuated 
C)  Adjuvant 
D)  Toxin 
E)  Partial cell attenuated 
A)  Acellular subunit 
B)  Whole cell attenuated 
C)  Adjuvant 
D)  Toxin 
E)  Partial cell attenuated

Question 17

Which of the following methods allows monitoring of the progressive destruction of CD4 T cells during an HIV infection by tagging the cells with specific antibodies to CD4 surface proteins and measuring their concentrations in serum?

Accepted Answer

A)  Western blot 
B)  ELISA 
C)  Latex beads agglutination 
D)  Fluorescence-activated cell sorter 
E)  FA test on a microscope slide 
A)  Western blot 
B)  ELISA 
C)  Latex beads agglutination 
D)  Fluorescence-activated cell sorter 
E)  FA test on a microscope slide

Question 18

If a positive reaction is last observed at a dilution of 1:256, the titer is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  128 
B)  1/512 
C)  1/256 
D)  256 
E)  512 
A)  128 
B)  1/512 
C)  1/256 
D)  256 
E)  512

Question 19

All of the following are True about the term vaccination EXCEPT it

Accepted Answer

A)  is a general term that would include the process of variolation. 
B)  was coined by Jenner. 
C)  was coined by Pasteur and comes from the Latin for cow, variola. 
D)  comes from the Latin for cow, vacca. 
E)  was coined by Jenner and comes from the Latin for cow, vacca. 
A)  is a general term that would include the process of variolation. 
B)  was coined by Jenner. 
C)  was coined by Pasteur and comes from the Latin for cow, variola. 
D)  comes from the Latin for cow, vacca. 
E)  was coined by Jenner and comes from the Latin for cow, vacca.

Question 20

Toxoids are used in vaccines against

Accepted Answer

A)  Haemophilus influenza type b. 
B)  diphtheria. 
C)  herpes simplex type I. 
D)  polio. 
E)  diphtheria AND herpes simplex type I. 
A)  Haemophilus influenza type b. 
B)  diphtheria. 
C)  herpes simplex type I. 
D)  polio. 
E)  diphtheria AND herpes simplex type I.

Exam 18: Applications of Immune Responses

The procedure developed by the Chinese to protect against smallpox was called

Precipitation reactions depend on

Inactivated vaccines typically require booster shots.

The scientist who made variolation safer and more effective was

Active immunity develops only after a natural infection and not after vaccination.

Inactivated immunizing agents are prepared by treatment with

The serology test that may show the antigen-antibody complex as yellow-green under the microscope while using an ultraviolet light is known as the

The practice of deliberately stimulating the immune system is called

Substances that are contained in vaccines to help induce a better immune response are called

Why does passive immunity not give lifetime protection, while active immunity may?

Monoclonal antibodies

A monoclonal antibody is typically IgE and recognizes several epitopes.

An adjuvant has been developed from lipid A.

Whole agent vaccines may contain

Which type of vaccine has been used in place of inactivated whole cell vaccine?

Which of the following methods allows monitoring of the progressive destruction of CD4 T cells during an HIV infection by tagging the cells with specific antibodies to CD4 surface proteins and measuring their concentrations in serum?

If a positive reaction is last observed at a dilution of 1:256, the titer is ________.

All of the following are True about the term vaccination EXCEPT it

Toxoids are used in vaccines against

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Nervous System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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