Question 1

The program of the FMLN-FDR for El Salvador called for

Accepted Answer

A)  nationalization of all industry and collectivization of agriculture. 
B)  breaking diplomatic relations with the United States. 
C)  a land reform that would distribute land held by large landowners to landless peasants. 
D)  dissolution of the national army and its replacement by people's militias. 
A)  nationalization of all industry and collectivization of agriculture. 
B)  breaking diplomatic relations with the United States. 
C)  a land reform that would distribute land held by large landowners to landless peasants. 
D)  dissolution of the national army and its replacement by people's militias. C

Question 2

The Reagan administration supported José Napoleón Duarte in his race for president of El Salvador because of his

Accepted Answer

A)  strong defense of human rights in El Salvador. 
B)  implementation of agrarian reform in El Salvador. 
C)  effective conduct in the war against the guerrillas. 
D)  ability to maintain the reformist image of the Salvadoran government. 
A)  strong defense of human rights in El Salvador. 
B)  implementation of agrarian reform in El Salvador. 
C)  effective conduct in the war against the guerrillas. 
D)  ability to maintain the reformist image of the Salvadoran government. D

Question 3

The main objective of the FMLN offensive of 1989 was to

Accepted Answer

A)  capture the working-class quarters of San Salvador. 
B)  inflict maximum damage to the economy. 
C)  force the ARENA regime to the bargaining table. 
D)  provoke the United States to enter the war. 
A)  capture the working-class quarters of San Salvador. 
B)  inflict maximum damage to the economy. 
C)  force the ARENA regime to the bargaining table. 
D)  provoke the United States to enter the war. A

Question 4

Maximiliano Hernández Martínez overthrew the democratically elected Arturo Araujo because he

Accepted Answer

A)  scorned wealthy landowners and tried to confiscate their estates. 
B)  favored modest reforms like limited land redistribution and women's rights. 
C)  threatened to disband the military and replace it with a civilian police force. 
D)  refused to collaborate with the United States military. 
A)  scorned wealthy landowners and tried to confiscate their estates. 
B)  favored modest reforms like limited land redistribution and women's rights. 
C)  threatened to disband the military and replace it with a civilian police force. 
D)  refused to collaborate with the United States military.

Question 5

With respect to the Somoza dictatorship, the United States

Accepted Answer

A)  denounced its human-rights violations. 
B)  used the CIA to attempt to overthrow it and replace it with a democratic regime. 
C)  provided loans and helped to establish a military academy to train the National Guard. 
D)  welcomed the outbreak of the Sandinista Revolution. 
A)  denounced its human-rights violations. 
B)  used the CIA to attempt to overthrow it and replace it with a democratic regime. 
C)  provided loans and helped to establish a military academy to train the National Guard. 
D)  welcomed the outbreak of the Sandinista Revolution.

Question 6

A major factor in President Duarte's growing isolation and the growing unpopularity of the war was

Accepted Answer

A)  the economic sabotage carried out by the rebel forces. 
B)  the fact that the war had reached an impasse, with no end in sight. 
C)  the exploitation of cheap labor for U.S.-based companies in El Salvador. 
D)  the pressure of the swelling population on wage levels. 
A)  the economic sabotage carried out by the rebel forces. 
B)  the fact that the war had reached an impasse, with no end in sight. 
C)  the exploitation of cheap labor for U.S.-based companies in El Salvador. 
D)  the pressure of the swelling population on wage levels.

Question 7

Which of these does not describe the impact of the expansion of Salvadoran coffee plantations?

Accepted Answer

A)  The coffee boom created greater demand for labor and higher wages for peasants. 
B)  There was less demand for a permanent work force and greater reliance on migrant labor. 
C)  As the value of land rose, so did the rate at which landlords evicted peasants from milpas. 
D)  Wages and living standards, always precarious, were now determined by global markets. 
A)  The coffee boom created greater demand for labor and higher wages for peasants. 
B)  There was less demand for a permanent work force and greater reliance on migrant labor. 
C)  As the value of land rose, so did the rate at which landlords evicted peasants from milpas. 
D)  Wages and living standards, always precarious, were now determined by global markets.

Question 8

The FMLN fought against what U.S. backed government?

Accepted Answer

A)  Guatemalan. 
B)  El Salvadorian. 
C)  Nicaraguan. 
D)  Peruvian. 
A)  Guatemalan. 
B)  El Salvadorian. 
C)  Nicaraguan. 
D)  Peruvian.

Question 9

After an investment of more than $4 billion in U.S. military and economic aid to the Salvadoran government, the war in El Salvador ended in an impasse. Summarize the historical background of the war and suggest reasons for the failure of U.S. policy in El Salvador.

Accepted Answer

The war in El Salvador, which lasted fro

Question 10

Most of the arms for the rebel forces in El Salvador have come from

Accepted Answer

A)  Cuba, Nicaragua, and Israel. 
B)  United States-supplied government arms captured by the rebels. 
C)  Vietnam and the Soviet Union. 
D)  the international arms market. 
A)  Cuba, Nicaragua, and Israel. 
B)  United States-supplied government arms captured by the rebels. 
C)  Vietnam and the Soviet Union. 
D)  the international arms market.

Question 11

Social progress in Sandinista Nicaragua was most marked in

Accepted Answer

A)  the liquidation of poverty. 
B)  the end of dependence on export crops. 
C)  education and health improvements. 
D)  industrialization. 
A)  the liquidation of poverty. 
B)  the end of dependence on export crops. 
C)  education and health improvements. 
D)  industrialization.

Question 12

The Eisenhower administration proclaimed that the Guatemalan government in 1954 was "communist" or "procommunist." What were the ostensible and the real reasons for the CIA-State Department conspiracy to overthrow the Arbenz regime?

Accepted Answer

The ostensible reason given by the Eisen

Question 13

Which of the following does not describe José Santos Zelaya?

Accepted Answer

A)  He was a Liberal dictator who built roads and modernized Nicaragua's infrastructure. 
B)  He surrendered Nicaraguan claims to sovereignty over the Atlantic Mosquitia coast. 
C)  He promoted foreign investment and granted lucrative concessions to U.S. businesses. 
D)  He was an ardent nationalist who opposed U.S. efforts to build a canal in Nicaragua. 
A)  He was a Liberal dictator who built roads and modernized Nicaragua's infrastructure. 
B)  He surrendered Nicaraguan claims to sovereignty over the Atlantic Mosquitia coast. 
C)  He promoted foreign investment and granted lucrative concessions to U.S. businesses. 
D)  He was an ardent nationalist who opposed U.S. efforts to build a canal in Nicaragua.

Question 14

A "scorched earth" policy against the Guatemalan guerrillas was implemented in 1982 by a junta headed by

Accepted Answer

A)  Mario Méndez Montenegro. 
B)  Kjell Laugerud. 
C)  Efraín Ríos Montt. 
D)  Oscar Mejía Victores. 
A)  Mario Méndez Montenegro. 
B)  Kjell Laugerud. 
C)  Efraín Ríos Montt. 
D)  Oscar Mejía Victores.

Question 15

The central figure in planning the overthrow of the Guatemalan government in 1954 was

Accepted Answer

A)  E. Howard Hunt. 
B)  John E. Peurifoy. 
C)  Dwight D. Eisenhower. 
D)  John Foster Dulles. 
A)  E. Howard Hunt. 
B)  John E. Peurifoy. 
C)  Dwight D. Eisenhower. 
D)  John Foster Dulles.

Question 16

One of the most important legacies of the Central American revolutions in the 1970s and 1980s was that they engendered a new "female consciousness." Explain.

Accepted Answer

The Central American revolutions in the

Question 17

The assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero by right-wing military

Accepted Answer

A)  served to unify the Catholic population behind the government. 
B)  helped to unify the various factions of the Christian Democratic party. 
C)  served as a catalyst for the growth of the popular struggle against the government. 
D)  was followed by a successful general offensive against the rebels. 
A)  served to unify the Catholic population behind the government. 
B)  helped to unify the various factions of the Christian Democratic party. 
C)  served as a catalyst for the growth of the popular struggle against the government. 
D)  was followed by a successful general offensive against the rebels.

Question 18

The Sandinista government engaged in a unique social experiment, seeking to create a society and economy equally distant from those of Cuba and those of most Latin American countries. Summarize the main features of the Nicaraguan experiment that distinguished it from other Latin American social revolutions.

Accepted Answer

The Nicaraguan experiment under the Sand

Question 19

Which of the following does not describe the government of Jacobo Arbenz?

Accepted Answer

A)  Import substitution industrialization was a strategy to promote economic independence. 
B)  A 1952 agrarian reform law expropriated estates larger than 223 hectares. 
C)  The influence of peasant and trade union confederations grew, pushing Arbenz to the left. 
D)  Arbenz united the landed oligarchy with a weak middle class to preserve his power. 
A)  Import substitution industrialization was a strategy to promote economic independence. 
B)  A 1952 agrarian reform law expropriated estates larger than 223 hectares. 
C)  The influence of peasant and trade union confederations grew, pushing Arbenz to the left. 
D)  Arbenz united the landed oligarchy with a weak middle class to preserve his power.

Question 20

What were the characteristic features of the liberal developmental model in early 20th century Central America and how did it affect the interests of various social classes and women?

Accepted Answer

The characteristic features of the liber

The program of the FMLN-FDR for El Salvador called for

The Reagan administration supported José Napoleón Duarte in his race for president of El Salvador because of his

The main objective of the FMLN offensive of 1989 was to

Maximiliano Hernández Martínez overthrew the democratically elected Arturo Araujo because he

With respect to the Somoza dictatorship, the United States

A major factor in President Duarte's growing isolation and the growing unpopularity of the war was

Which of these does not describe the impact of the expansion of Salvadoran coffee plantations?

The FMLN fought against what U.S. backed government?

After an investment of more than $4 billion in U.S. military and economic aid to the Salvadoran government, the war in El Salvador ended in an impasse. Summarize the historical background of the war and suggest reasons for the failure of U.S. policy in El Salvador.

Most of the arms for the rebel forces in El Salvador have come from

Social progress in Sandinista Nicaragua was most marked in

The Eisenhower administration proclaimed that the Guatemalan government in 1954 was "communist" or "procommunist." What were the ostensible and the real reasons for the CIA-State Department conspiracy to overthrow the Arbenz regime?

Which of the following does not describe José Santos Zelaya?

A "scorched earth" policy against the Guatemalan guerrillas was implemented in 1982 by a junta headed by

The central figure in planning the overthrow of the Guatemalan government in 1954 was

One of the most important legacies of the Central American revolutions in the 1970s and 1980s was that they engendered a new "female consciousness." Explain.

The assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero by right-wing military

Which of the following does not describe the government of Jacobo Arbenz?

What were the characteristic features of the liberal developmental model in early 20th century Central America and how did it affect the interests of various social classes and women?

Decolonization and the Search for National Identities, 1821-1870

Race, Nation, and the Meaning of Freedom, 1821-1888

The Triumph of Neocolonialism and the Liberal State, 1870-1900

Forging a New Nation: the Mexican Revolution and the Populist Challenge

Brazil: Populism and the Struggle for Democracy in a Multiracial Society

Argentina: Populism, the Military, and the Struggle for Democracy

Cuba: The Revolutionary Socialist Alternative to Populism

Storm Over the Andes: Indigenous Rights and the Corporatist Military Alternative

Chile: The Democratic Socialist Alternative

Lands of Bolívar: Military Crisis, State Repression, and Popular Democracy

Deconstructing the State: Dictatorship and Neoliberal Markets

Transcending Neoliberalism: Electoral Engaños and Popular Resistance to the Dictatorship of Markets

The Two Americas: United States-Latin American Relations

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Exam 10: Twilight of the Tyrants: Revolution and Prolonged Popular War in Central America

The program of the FMLN-FDR for El Salvador called for

The Reagan administration supported José Napoleón Duarte in his race for president of El Salvador because of his

The main objective of the FMLN offensive of 1989 was to

Maximiliano Hernández Martínez overthrew the democratically elected Arturo Araujo because he

With respect to the Somoza dictatorship, the United States

A major factor in President Duarte's growing isolation and the growing unpopularity of the war was

Which of these does not describe the impact of the expansion of Salvadoran coffee plantations?

The FMLN fought against what U.S. backed government?

After an investment of more than $4 billion in U.S. military and economic aid to the Salvadoran government, the war in El Salvador ended in an impasse. Summarize the historical background of the war and suggest reasons for the failure of U.S. policy in El Salvador.

Most of the arms for the rebel forces in El Salvador have come from

Social progress in Sandinista Nicaragua was most marked in

The Eisenhower administration proclaimed that the Guatemalan government in 1954 was "communist" or "procommunist." What were the ostensible and the real reasons for the CIA-State Department conspiracy to overthrow the Arbenz regime?

Which of the following does not describe José Santos Zelaya?

A "scorched earth" policy against the Guatemalan guerrillas was implemented in 1982 by a junta headed by

The central figure in planning the overthrow of the Guatemalan government in 1954 was

One of the most important legacies of the Central American revolutions in the 1970s and 1980s was that they engendered a new "female consciousness." Explain.

The assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero by right-wing military

Which of the following does not describe the government of Jacobo Arbenz?

What were the characteristic features of the liberal developmental model in early 20th century Central America and how did it affect the interests of various social classes and women?

Decolonization and the Search for National Identities, 1821-1870

Race, Nation, and the Meaning of Freedom, 1821-1888

The Triumph of Neocolonialism and the Liberal State, 1870-1900

Forging a New Nation: the Mexican Revolution and the Populist Challenge

Brazil: Populism and the Struggle for Democracy in a Multiracial Society

Argentina: Populism, the Military, and the Struggle for Democracy

Cuba: The Revolutionary Socialist Alternative to Populism

Storm Over the Andes: Indigenous Rights and the Corporatist Military Alternative

Chile: The Democratic Socialist Alternative

Lands of Bolívar: Military Crisis, State Repression, and Popular Democracy

Deconstructing the State: Dictatorship and Neoliberal Markets

Transcending Neoliberalism: Electoral Engaños and Popular Resistance to the Dictatorship of Markets

The Two Americas: United States-Latin American Relations

Filters