Question 1

Which of the following correctly describes the paired-associate theory of language learning?

Accepted Answer

A) It is a good model because it is an easy way for people to learn a language. 
B) The model effectively accounts for relations among nonadjacent words. 
C) The model uses the hierarchical structure of a sentence to account for how people learn a grammar. 
D) Each word in a sentence serves as a stimulus for the next word. 
A) It is a good model because it is an easy way for people to learn a language. 
B) The model effectively accounts for relations among nonadjacent words. 
C) The model uses the hierarchical structure of a sentence to account for how people learn a grammar. 
D) Each word in a sentence serves as a stimulus for the next word. D

Question 2

Un, ly, and s are all examples of

Accepted Answer

A) prefixes. 
B) suffixes. 
C) phonemes. 
D) morphemes. 
A) prefixes. 
B) suffixes. 
C) phonemes. 
D) morphemes. D

Question 3

Using a sentence as an example, detail the hierarchical structure of language.

Accepted Answer

The hierarchical structure of language refers to the way in which words, phrases, and sentences are organized within a language. At the most basic level, language is made up of individual words, which can be combined to form phrases. These phrases can then be combined to form sentences, and sentences can be combined to form paragraphs and larger units of discourse.

For example, let's take the sentence "The cat sat on the mat." This sentence can be broken down into its hierarchical structure as follows:

- At the lowest level, we have individual words: "The", "cat", "sat", "on", "the", "mat".
- These words can then be combined to form phrases: "The cat", "sat on", "the mat".
- Finally, these phrases can be combined to form the complete sentence: "The cat sat on the mat."

This hierarchical structure allows us to understand how language is organized and how different elements of language relate to each other. It also allows us to generate an infinite number of new sentences by combining words, phrases, and sentences in different ways.

Question 4

In the gestures-as simulated-actions framework, which is not a factor that determines whether a gesture occurs?

Accepted Answer

A) the strength of the simulated action 
B) the gesture threshold 
C) memory 
D) speech 
A) the strength of the simulated action 
B) the gesture threshold 
C) memory 
D) speech

Question 5

A phoneme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Psychologists have demonstrated that people are influenced by the implications of sentences; that is, people draw inferences from the limited information provided. Discuss how this can be used by the media and by politicians.

Accepted Answer

The implications of sentences can be use

Question 7

In order to distinguish the possible meanings of ambiguous sentences, Chomsky found it necessary to change his original transformational grammar so it included

Accepted Answer

A) hierarchical networks. 
B) a feature comparison stage. 
C) a distinction between surface structure and deep structure. 
D) associative feedback mechanisms. 
A) hierarchical networks. 
B) a feature comparison stage. 
C) a distinction between surface structure and deep structure. 
D) associative feedback mechanisms.

Question 8

Which of the following changes requires a transformation rule?

Accepted Answer

A) rewriting a sentence as a noun phrase and a verb phrase 
B) rewriting an active sentence as a passive sentence 
C) rewriting a noun phrase as an adjective and a noun 
D) rewriting a verb phrase as a verb and a noun phrase 
A) rewriting a sentence as a noun phrase and a verb phrase 
B) rewriting an active sentence as a passive sentence 
C) rewriting a noun phrase as an adjective and a noun 
D) rewriting a verb phrase as a verb and a noun phrase

Question 9

What is the first stage in Carpenter and Daneman's model of the stages involved in sentence comprehension?

Accepted Answer

A) fixate and encode the next word 
B) retrieve the meaning of the word 
C) integrate the word into context 
D) error recovery heuristics 
A) fixate and encode the next word 
B) retrieve the meaning of the word 
C) integrate the word into context 
D) error recovery heuristics

Question 10

According to the Carpenter and Daneman model, the encoding of a word will result in retrieving one or more concepts into

Accepted Answer

A) sensory memory. 
B) pattern recognition. 
C) short-term memory. 
D) long-term memory. 
A) sensory memory. 
B) pattern recognition. 
C) short-term memory. 
D) long-term memory.

Question 11

Saying "walked fatser" instead of "walked faster" is an example of a

Accepted Answer

A) phoneme exchange. 
B) morpheme exchange. 
C) word exchange. 
D) phrase exchange. 
A) phoneme exchange. 
B) morpheme exchange. 
C) word exchange. 
D) phrase exchange.

Question 12

What is the first step in sentence comprehension according to Carpenter and Daneman's (1981) model?

Accepted Answer

A) error recovery heuristics 
B) retrieving the meaning of the word 
C) integration 
D) encode the word 
A) error recovery heuristics 
B) retrieving the meaning of the word 
C) integration 
D) encode the word

Question 13

Chomsky's formulation of language learning does not utilize

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus-response associations. 
B) grammatical rules. 
C) phrase-structure rules. 
D) transformation rules. 
A) stimulus-response associations. 
B) grammatical rules. 
C) phrase-structure rules. 
D) transformation rules.

Question 14

Carpenter and Daneman's model of sentence comprehension involves

Accepted Answer

A) pattern recognition, then retrieving meaning from LTM, then transformational grammar. 
B) sensory store, filter, pattern recognition, STM, LTM. 
C) pattern recognition, then transformational grammar, then retrieving meaning from LTM. 
D) pattern recognition, then retrieving meaning from LTM, then integration with the meaning of the prior context. 
A) pattern recognition, then retrieving meaning from LTM, then transformational grammar. 
B) sensory store, filter, pattern recognition, STM, LTM. 
C) pattern recognition, then transformational grammar, then retrieving meaning from LTM. 
D) pattern recognition, then retrieving meaning from LTM, then integration with the meaning of the prior context.

Question 15

The brain learns a virtually infinite number of associations between words in order to form sentences.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Design the ultimate second-language learning program. Hints: (a) recall the language abilities of newborns; (b) recall how the brain processes language.

Accepted Answer

The ultimate second-language learning pr

Question 17

Broca's aphasia involves damage to the frontal lobe.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

What is true about the following sentence? "The defendant examined by the lawyer turned out to be unreliable."

Accepted Answer

A) Eye movements show that readers speed up on the first part of this sentence. 
B) This is an example of how readers' knowledge of frequency differences can enhance sentence recognition. 
C) Readers' knowledge of inanimate and animate nouns influences comprehension of this sentence. 
D) This is an example of an ambiguous sentence. 
A) Eye movements show that readers speed up on the first part of this sentence. 
B) This is an example of how readers' knowledge of frequency differences can enhance sentence recognition. 
C) Readers' knowledge of inanimate and animate nouns influences comprehension of this sentence. 
D) This is an example of an ambiguous sentence.

Question 19

Grammar is a set of rules for producing sentences.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Wernicke's aphasia

Accepted Answer

A) involves damage to the left frontal lobe. 
B) involves speech that is less fluent than Broca's aphasia. 
C) involves speech that is less grammatically correct than Broca's aphasia. 
D) causes difficulty with tests that involve the semantic content of words. 
A) involves damage to the left frontal lobe. 
B) involves speech that is less fluent than Broca's aphasia. 
C) involves speech that is less grammatically correct than Broca's aphasia. 
D) causes difficulty with tests that involve the semantic content of words.

Which of the following correctly describes the paired-associate theory of language learning?

Un, ly, and s are all examples of

Using a sentence as an example, detail the hierarchical structure of language.

In the gestures-as simulated-actions framework, which is not a factor that determines whether a gesture occurs?

A phoneme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language.

Psychologists have demonstrated that people are influenced by the implications of sentences; that is, people draw inferences from the limited information provided. Discuss how this can be used by the media and by politicians.

In order to distinguish the possible meanings of ambiguous sentences, Chomsky found it necessary to change his original transformational grammar so it included

Which of the following changes requires a transformation rule?

What is the first stage in Carpenter and Daneman's model of the stages involved in sentence comprehension?

According to the Carpenter and Daneman model, the encoding of a word will result in retrieving one or more concepts into

Saying "walked fatser" instead of "walked faster" is an example of a

What is the first step in sentence comprehension according to Carpenter and Daneman's (1981) model?

Chomsky's formulation of language learning does not utilize

Carpenter and Daneman's model of sentence comprehension involves

The brain learns a virtually infinite number of associations between words in order to form sentences.

Design the ultimate second-language learning program. Hints: (a) recall the language abilities of newborns; (b) recall how the brain processes language.

Broca's aphasia involves damage to the frontal lobe.

What is true about the following sentence? "The defendant examined by the lawyer turned out to be unreliable."

Grammar is a set of rules for producing sentences.

Wernicke's aphasia

Introduction

Pattern Recognition

Attention

Short-Term Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Codes

Visual Images

Categorization

Semantic Organization

Comprehension and Memory for Text

Problem Solving

Expertise and Creativity

Decision Making

Filters

Exam 10: Language

Which of the following correctly describes the paired-associate theory of language learning?

Un, ly, and s are all examples of

Using a sentence as an example, detail the hierarchical structure of language.

In the gestures-as simulated-actions framework, which is not a factor that determines whether a gesture occurs?

A phoneme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language.

Psychologists have demonstrated that people are influenced by the implications of sentences; that is, people draw inferences from the limited information provided. Discuss how this can be used by the media and by politicians.

In order to distinguish the possible meanings of ambiguous sentences, Chomsky found it necessary to change his original transformational grammar so it included

Which of the following changes requires a transformation rule?

What is the first stage in Carpenter and Daneman's model of the stages involved in sentence comprehension?

According to the Carpenter and Daneman model, the encoding of a word will result in retrieving one or more concepts into

Saying "walked fatser" instead of "walked faster" is an example of a

What is the first step in sentence comprehension according to Carpenter and Daneman's (1981) model?

Chomsky's formulation of language learning does not utilize

Carpenter and Daneman's model of sentence comprehension involves

The brain learns a virtually infinite number of associations between words in order to form sentences.

Design the ultimate second-language learning program. Hints: (a) recall the language abilities of newborns; (b) recall how the brain processes language.

Broca's aphasia involves damage to the frontal lobe.

What is true about the following sentence? "The defendant examined by the lawyer turned out to be unreliable."

Grammar is a set of rules for producing sentences.

Wernicke's aphasia

Introduction

Pattern Recognition

Attention

Short-Term Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Codes

Visual Images

Categorization

Semantic Organization

Comprehension and Memory for Text

Problem Solving

Expertise and Creativity

Decision Making

Filters