Question 1

Why did Copernicus prefer the heliocentric model?

Accepted Answer

A) As a Protestant, he felt free to disagree with the Pope. 
B) It earned him lots of money and fame. 
C) It made the planetary orbits easier to calculate. 
D) He regarded the Sun as the most powerful god 
E) The sun is the source of all energy on earth. 
A) As a Protestant, he felt free to disagree with the Pope. 
B) It earned him lots of money and fame. 
C) It made the planetary orbits easier to calculate. 
D) He regarded the Sun as the most powerful god 
E) The sun is the source of all energy on earth. C

Question 2

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance. 
Margaret Cavendish

Accepted Answer

Margaret Cavendish was an English aristocrat, philosopher, poet, and playwright who lived in the 17th century. She is best known for her work in natural philosophy, where she challenged the scientific and philosophical ideas of her time. Cavendish was one of the first women to participate in the scientific community and she wrote extensively on topics such as atomism, materialism, and the nature of the universe.

Her historical significance lies in her contributions to early modern philosophy and science, as well as her role as a pioneering female intellectual. Cavendish's work challenged traditional gender roles and paved the way for future generations of women to participate in the scientific and philosophical discourse. She was a controversial figure in her time, but her ideas and writings have had a lasting impact on the fields of philosophy and science.

Question 3

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance. 
Isaac Newton

Accepted Answer

Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, physicist, and astronomer who is widely recognized as one of the most influential scientists of all time. He is best known for his work on the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which laid the groundwork for classical mechanics and the understanding of the physical world. Newton's groundbreaking work in optics and mathematics also had a profound impact on the development of modern science. His book "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" is considered one of the most important scientific works ever published. Newton's contributions to science and mathematics revolutionized our understanding of the natural world and continue to shape the way we study and explore the universe.

Question 4

How could the world be understood according to Descartes?

Accepted Answer

A) By the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking 
B) By quiet contemplation and following of the Scriptures 
C) By mystical experiences 
D) By interpreting dreams and applying that knowledge to our everyday lives 
E) By incorporating the mind with the body 
A) By the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking 
B) By quiet contemplation and following of the Scriptures 
C) By mystical experiences 
D) By interpreting dreams and applying that knowledge to our everyday lives 
E) By incorporating the mind with the body

Question 5

Who demonstrated the role of the heart in the circulation of blood?

Accepted Answer

A) Vesalius 
B) Boyle 
C) Galen 
D) Pascal 
E) Harvey 
A) Vesalius 
B) Boyle 
C) Galen 
D) Pascal 
E) Harvey

Question 6

In what ways did the fifteenth-century Renaissance contribute to the sixteenth and seventeenth-century Scientific Revolution?

Accepted Answer

The fifteenth-century Renaissance contri

Question 7

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance. 
the Empyrean Heaven

Accepted Answer

The Empyrean Heaven, also known simply a

Question 8

What was the general conception of the universe before Copernicus?

Accepted Answer

A) It was orderly with heaven at the center and the earth circling around it. 
B) The earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it. 
C) The earth rested on the shell of a giant tortoise. 
D) It could not be revealed according to God's will. 
E) The world was both flat and infinite. 
A) It was orderly with heaven at the center and the earth circling around it. 
B) The earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it. 
C) The earth rested on the shell of a giant tortoise. 
D) It could not be revealed according to God's will. 
E) The world was both flat and infinite.

Question 9

With which of these statements would Galileo have agreed?

Accepted Answer

A) Science is not fit for the minds of the common people. 
B) Science has no practical applications. 
C) Science is the enemy of religion. 
D) One cannot be both a Christian and a scientist. 
E) The geocentric model of the universe is superior to the heliocentric model. 
A) Science is not fit for the minds of the common people. 
B) Science has no practical applications. 
C) Science is the enemy of religion. 
D) One cannot be both a Christian and a scientist. 
E) The geocentric model of the universe is superior to the heliocentric model.

Question 10

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance. 
René Descartes

Accepted Answer

René Descartes was a French philosopher,

Question 11

Newton's world-machine

Accepted Answer

A) refers to Newton's assertion that alchemical techniques could turn the world into a machine that generated abundant supplies of gold. 
B) had little impact on the Western worldview until the twentieth century. 
C) suggested that the secrets of the natural world could not be revealed by human investigations. 
D) created a new cosmology in which the world was seen largely in mechanistic terms. 
E) indicated a rejection of the work of his predecessors. 
A) refers to Newton's assertion that alchemical techniques could turn the world into a machine that generated abundant supplies of gold. 
B) had little impact on the Western worldview until the twentieth century. 
C) suggested that the secrets of the natural world could not be revealed by human investigations. 
D) created a new cosmology in which the world was seen largely in mechanistic terms. 
E) indicated a rejection of the work of his predecessors.

Question 12

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance. 
Galileo Galilei

Accepted Answer

Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronome

Question 13

Tycho Brahe contributed to the advance of astronomy by

Accepted Answer

A) working out the theory of inertia. 
B) making accurate observations of the planets. 
C) calculating the pull of gravity on the tides by the moon. 
D) calculating the distance to the sun. 
E) inventing the astrolabe. 
A) working out the theory of inertia. 
B) making accurate observations of the planets. 
C) calculating the pull of gravity on the tides by the moon. 
D) calculating the distance to the sun. 
E) inventing the astrolabe.

Question 14

Kepler believed that the orbits of the planets were

Accepted Answer

A) elliptical. 
B) circular. 
C) random. 
D) unknowable. 
E) variable. 
A) elliptical. 
B) circular. 
C) random. 
D) unknowable. 
E) variable.

Question 15

____ was an ancient Greek physician.

Accepted Answer

A) Vesalius 
B) Euclid 
C) Ptolemy 
D) Galen 
E) Aristotle 
A) Vesalius 
B) Euclid 
C) Ptolemy 
D) Galen 
E) Aristotle

Question 16

Unlike many Protestants, the Catholic Church did not denounce and condemn the theories of Copernicus until the works of Galileo appeared over seventy-five years later.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Maria Winkelmann was best known for her work on human anatomy.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

How did women contribute to the beginnings of modern science? How did most male scientists view women in general and female scientists in particular?

Accepted Answer

Women have made significant contribution

Question 19

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance. 
scientific method

Accepted Answer

The scientific method is a systematic ap

Question 20

The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas?

Accepted Answer

A) astronomy, medicine, and mechanics 
B) astronomy, botany, and chemistry 
C) biology, mechanics, and ballistics 
D) engineering, physics, and dentistry 
E) biology, surgery, and astronomy 
A) astronomy, medicine, and mechanics 
B) astronomy, botany, and chemistry 
C) biology, mechanics, and ballistics 
D) engineering, physics, and dentistry 
E) biology, surgery, and astronomy

Exam 16: Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: the Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science

Why did Copernicus prefer the heliocentric model?

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance. Margaret Cavendish

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance. Isaac Newton

How could the world be understood according to Descartes?

Who demonstrated the role of the heart in the circulation of blood?

In what ways did the fifteenth-century Renaissance contribute to the sixteenth and seventeenth-century Scientific Revolution?

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance. the Empyrean Heaven

What was the general conception of the universe before Copernicus?

With which of these statements would Galileo have agreed?

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance. René Descartes

Newton's world-machine

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance. Galileo Galilei

Tycho Brahe contributed to the advance of astronomy by

Kepler believed that the orbits of the planets were

____ was an ancient Greek physician.

Unlike many Protestants, the Catholic Church did not denounce and condemn the theories of Copernicus until the works of Galileo appeared over seventy-five years later.

Maria Winkelmann was best known for her work on human anatomy.

How did women contribute to the beginnings of modern science? How did most male scientists view women in general and female scientists in particular?

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance. scientific method

The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas?

The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations

The Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires

The Civilization of the Greeks

The Hellenistic World

The Roman Republic

The Roman Empire

Late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World

European Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750-1000

The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages

The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power

The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century

Recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance

Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

Europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500-1800

State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century

The Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment

The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change

A Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon

The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society

Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850

An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871

Mass Society in an Age of Progress, 1871-1894

An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894-1914

The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution

The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between the Wars, 1919-1939

The Deepening of the European Crisis: World War II

Cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1965

Protest and Stagnation: The Western World, 1965-1985

After the Fall: The Western World in a Global Age Since 1985

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