Exam 8: The Adaptive Mind: Learning

As Ronnie hears a song on the radio, she feels stressed: her heart races, her hands become clammy, and her breathing becomes rapid. The song is familiar because it was very popular at a time when her parents were going through a divorce that caused Ronnie intense anxiety. In this scenario, identify the following in the same respective order: the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response, and the unconditioned response.

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned reinforcer?

Which of the following is a primary advantage of observational learning?

When he was 9 years old, Mike tried shrimp for the first time but fell very ill shortly thereafter. Within a few hours he was vomiting and was sick for the rest of the night. Now, years later, Mike cannot bring himself to eat shrimp. This is an example of ____.

A pig trained by the Brelands to pick up large wooden coins and deposit them in a wooden "piggy bank" learned quickly to do so for food rewards, but eventually ____.

Counterconditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear is referred to as ____.

What indicates that imitation provides adaptive advantages?

Dr. Graham exposes rats to a vanilla scent prior to receiving a food pellet in the left corner of their cage, but provides no food after exposure to a lemon scent. After several trials, upon smelling a vanilla scent, the rats wait at the far left corner of the cage regardless of whether a food pellet is present. However, they do not wait in the far left corner when exposed to the lemon scent. What is the unconditioned stimulus in the experiment?

In which of the following examples is the person likely to show the highest, and very steady, rate of response over time?

What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Copying a behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaneously is referred to as ____.

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval schedule of partial reinforcement?

The development of a conditioned response is called ____. ​

What was a key finding of the Bobo doll experiment?

The recognition that two different stimuli call for two different responses is known as ____.

What is a disadvantage of continuous reinforcement?

Imitation in monkeys and humans involves special neurons known as mirror neurons. Mirror neurons in monkeys show similar patterns of activity when the individual performs an action or watches another individual perform the same action. Why is research regarding mirror neurons in humans more complicated than research in monkeys? Where does research in humans currently stand? What purposes might be served by mirror neurons? What role might mirror neurons play in autism research?

What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior experience -that is, without learning having taken place?

Jonah is playing on his tablet one evening, when his father asks him to finish up and get ready to take a bath. Jonah nods but completely ignores the request. After a few minutes his father repeats the request with a slightly sterner voice. Jonah says, "Okay, let me just finish this game." Ten minute later, when Jonah has clearly played several more games, his father repeats the request but with a very firm voice. Jonah, knowing that his father is getting angry, puts down the tablet and goes to take a bath. Jonah's different responding to different "voices" from his father illustrates _____.

Determining whether an action constitutes reinforcement or punishment requires understanding ____.