Exam 8: Conducting Constitutional Seizures

List the elements of a seizure.

A stop is quite different from an arrest, but both are _______ regulated by the Fourth Amendment.

The decision in Terry v. Ohio permits officers to take all necessary measures to protect themselves, without turning a stop into an arrest.

Most state laws define an arrest, in general terms, as the taking of a person into custody, in the manner authorized by law, to present that person before a magistrate to answer for committing a crime.

The term "detention" is often used in place of the term "stop," but they are the same thing; they both refer to a seizure that must be justified by _______________________.

The term "__________________" explains the circumstances in which officers leave their jurisdiction and enter another to arrest a felon who committed the felony in the officers' jurisdiction and then fled across jurisdictional lines.

Some states allow officers to arrest for a misdemeanor not committed in their presence in the case of:

Explain the circumstances under which an arrest may be made.

Foreign diplomats (including ambassadors, ministers, their assistants, and attachés), their families, and their servants have complete ___________from arrest in the United States.

Which of the following is not one of the five legitimate uses of force, often referred to as the "Rules of Engagement"?

In the case of ____________________, the Supreme Court allowed the border patrol to set up permanent checkpoints on public highways leading to or away from the Mexican border, ruling that these checkpoints are not a violation of the Fourth Amendment.

Which test provides that a seizure involves not only a police intention to seize, it includes the objective aspect in which a reasonable person believes that they are not free to terminate the encounter and leave?

The Supreme Court has ruled in past cases that, during a traffic stop, telling the driver to exit a stopped vehicle, having a canine "sniff" the exterior of a car for the presence of drugs, and asking a few off-topic questions are all reasonable actions and do not require additional reasonable suspicion to perform.

The cases of Brower, Hodari, and Mendenhall set the number of elements for any seizure at __________.

Use-of-force situations are fluid, and the amount of force that is considered reasonable will likely change throughout an encounter.

The Court has held that a state highway checkpoint, at which every vehicle is stopped and the driver's sobriety checked, violates the Fourth Amendment when no individualized suspicion exists.

Police may not enter a private home without the appropriate warrant to make a routine felony arrest unless______________________________ exist.

A lawful arrest can be made by an officer for any crime committed in his or her presence, for any felony, if the officer has probable cause and a(n) ______________.

United States v. Santana (1976) established that a hot pursuit does not justify forcible entry into an offender's home without a warrant.

A study by Police One magazine found that the most commonly used less-than-lethal weapon is: