Exam 9: Conducting Constitutional Searches

School officials may search students in public schools for contraband without a warrant as long as the search is reasonable and does not violate the Fourth Amendment.

Which of the following best describes the significance of Groh v. Ramirez (2004)?

The issue of when an officer may proceed with a vehicle search incident to arrest of a recent occupant was addressed in _______________________.

Defining a _________________________ uses a two-pronged test of a situation in which (1) a person has exhibited an actual (subjective) expectation of privacy and (2) that expectation is one that society is prepared to recognize as reasonable.

Searches with a warrant are:

While the terms may be similar, legally there is no overlap between the trespass and privacy doctrines.

Once given, consent may be revoked at any point.

Using the three criteria for the plain view doctrine, provide one scenario involving illegal drugs in the trunk of a car that properly utilizes this doctrine and one with similar facts that fails to meet the test.

Routine searches at our national borders require:

United States v. Warshak affirmed:

Police officers who have established probable cause that evidence is likely to be at a certain place and who do not have time to get a search warrant may conduct a warrantless search based on exigent circumstances.

List three fundamental constitutional rules for searches and discuss their importance.

__________________must meet three criteria: (1) the officer is lawfully present at the place from which the evidence can be plainly viewed; (2) the officer has a lawful right of access to the object; and (3) the object's incriminating character is immediately apparent.

Electronic surveillance:

An exemption of a public official from civil liability for actions performed during the course of his or her job unless they violated a "clearly established" constitutional or statutory right of which a reasonable person would have known is referred to as __________________.

Which of the following is not one of the criteria that must be met for plain view?

The case of __________________ established that a search with a warrant includes limited authority to detain the occupants of the premises during the search.

The court has allowed, as reasonable, third-party consent searches in which an apparent authority existed.

Usually, the only person able to give consent in a search is the person whose constitutional rights might be threatened by the search, who is said to have:

Once an individual has left the immediate vicinity of the search warrant, the police must have independent reasons under the Fourth Amendment to seize and detain that person was decided in the case of _________________.