Exam 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood 

By what age have most children mastered the three basic principles of counting for up to five objects?

What is the best example of overregularization?

If you believed in the concept of the zone of proximal development, what advice should you give to a child who is attempting to learn how to throw a ball?

Phonological memory is defined as the ability to recall a visual image after the passage of time.

According to Vygotsky, ____ speech is another term for thought.

Vygotsky referred to the difference between what a child can do on his or her own and with assistance using the phrase "zone of _______________ development."

Which best describes a linguistic babble?

The salivation response elicited by Pavlov's dogs is best explained by the principles of operant conditioning.

Orienting responses tend to occur to ____ stimuli.

The processes in which children acquire new words at such a speed that they cannot be considering all meanings for the new word is called

Animism occurs when lifelike properties are attributed to

Tonka is actively playing with his toy truck when his mom accidentally drops a towel she is carrying directly on top of the vehicle. As soon as the vehicle is covered, Tonka turns his head away and calmly begins playing with another toy. Tonka's reaction best illustrates a lack of

According to the ____ principle of counting, the last number in a counting sequence differs from previous numbers and denotes the total number of objects being counted.

During a power outage, Blair does not want to finish eating her vanilla ice cream because, as she put it, "When the lights went out, the ice cream turned black, and I don't like black ice cream!" Blair is in the ____ stage of development.

Two-year-old Ariel's parents recently bought her an aquarium and have begun to point at the moving animals and call them "fish." Despite having only heard the word "fish" a few times, Ariel appears to realize that the term refers to those little moving things in the tank. Ariel's behavior is best explained by

Applying rules to a word that is actually an exception to the rule constitutes

Ed knows what a horse is but has never seen nor heard of a camel. When Ed sees his first camel, he says "horsey." Ed's reaction is best explained by the process of

Although the sound is unfamiliar, when six-month-old Cagney sees the flashing lights on the police car, she keeps her eyes locked on the lights. She also begins to show a decrease in heart rate. Which concept best explains Cagney's reaction?

The belief that all living organisms have an unseen essence that gives them an identity is called _______________.

Eleven-month-old Oreo loves cookies. One day he sees his mother putting cookies into cups for a party. As he is watching, his mom puts one cookie into the first two cups, two cookies into the next two cups, and three cookies into the last two cups. If Oreo is a normally developing 10-month-old who likes cookies, he would most likely reach for