Exam 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood 

Which person's advice is most consistent with the three key elements of effective oral communication?

Which is a key cue used by infants when attempting to identify whether a sound represents a word?

According to Vygotsky, private speech is aimed at

Tucker is asked to count the toes on his left foot and report the total. Tucker says, "1, 4, 5, 2, 3. There are three!" Tucker is demonstrating the ____ principle of counting.

A memory for some significant life event is called a(n)____ memory.

Five-year-old Brian hears the sentence, "Brian, quit clowning around." He knows all the other words, but he has never heard the word "clowning" before. The fact that he understands that the word "clowning" must be referring to what he is currently doing is best explained as involving ____ cues.

When a word is used too broadly, ____ is taking place.

Which statement by a 17-month-old best represents telegraphic speech?

Dr. Gunga is attempting to determine the zone of proximal development for Dinn when Dinn works on complex mazes. In order to do so, Dr. Gunga must measure Dinn's personal performance on the maze and

Private speech is a form of verbal communication a child uses when talking to his or her best friend.

Houdini is a normally developing one-year-old watching a magic act. The magician he is observing has just rolled a ball into what looks like a solid wall. However, when the ball reached the wall, the ball appeared to roll through it. According to research findings by Baillargeon, one would expect that Houdini's most likely reaction would involve

Information-processing theorists use the term "mental _______________" when referring to the neural structures built into the mind.

When six-month-old Gabby says "tatatata," she is

Which is the best example of a phoneme?

Rather than saying the kitten fell in the bathtub, young Morris says, "Kitty wet," which leaves Morris's mother to wonder about the nature of the liquid on or coming out of the cat. This linguistic limitation is known as

One-year-old Payton notices that when his dad, Archie, is watching football on television, he shouts at the screen. The next time a football game come on, Payton shouts at the screen. Payton's behavior best exemplifies

Four-year-old Gustav appears to be talking to himself as he is building a tower of blocks. Describe Vygotsky's take on this behavior (e.g., Is this normal behavior? Is this a helpful behavior? Will this behavior go away?).