Exam 8: Damage to Cytosolic and Endoplasmic Reticulum Activities

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How does metabolism of allyl alcohol become a toxic product?

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Allyl alcohol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to acrolein, a toxic nonionic electrophile.

What kinds of toxic mechanisms does acetaminophen overdose cause?

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Metabolism to a quinone imine damages the liver while the semiquinone imine metabolite damages the kidney by binding to protein. Acetaminophen also depletes glutathione and activates toxic signal transduction pathways.

Why is benzene a leukemia agent when metabolized?

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It forms a phenoxy radical that is a nucleophile.

Why can a cationic electrophile be more toxic than its nonionic equivalent?

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What separates the effects of calcium from causing apoptosis to necrosis?

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Indicate how an iron chelating agent can be a specific antidote and how that would work.

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