Exam 30: Venoms and Injection Toxicity Versus Poisonous Animals or Cells and Ingestion or Contact Toxicity

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What is the proper origin of botulism toxin?

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Many bacterial toxins were developed by phages. Organisms that had this phage gene product such a botulism toxin were favored for development.

Venom economy is a concern to desert animals. Why would they be likely to use their jaws or constriction rather than venom if possible?

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Venoms are protein-rich and make their use metabolically costly.

Why is it important for a frog to secrete a poison onto its skin to prevent being eaten?

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The poison may cause hallucinations or inactivate a sodium channel producing an aversive (cannot feel mouth or cannot swallow adequately) if not deadly consequences. This is important in that the toxin acts immediately and dramatically for the predator to decide to remove the amphibian from its mouth and move to less toxic prey.

Moldy corn cannot be mixed with uncontaminated corn and sold for feed. Why not?

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Why might land-based snakes (crotalids) have a different venom composition than that of elapids or sea snakes?

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