Topic
Nursing
Study-set
Understanding Toxicology

Exam 22: Toxicity to Reproductive Organs and Developmental Toxicity

Exam 1: Biological Research in Toxicology3 Questions

Exam 2: Development of the Field of Toxicology3 Questions

Exam 3: Toxicology Terms and How They Relate to Organisms8 Questions

Exam 4: Hazard, Exposure, and Risk Modeling9 Questions

Exam 5: Absorption and Transport of Toxicants Through Membranes: Toxic Damage to Membranes5 Questions

Exam 6: Receptor-Mediated Toxicities on the Outside of Cells4 Questions

Exam 7: Detoxication and Activation by Cells: Metabolism of the Original Toxicant9 Questions

Exam 8: Damage to Cytosolic and Endoplasmic Reticulum Activities6 Questions

Exam 9: Damage to Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Activities5 Questions

Exam 10: Damage to Nuclear Structuresdna: Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis7 Questions

Exam 11: Selective Genetic Sensitivity of Cells to Toxicants5 Questions

Exam 12: Nutritional Toxicity and Sensitivity7 Questions

Exam 13: Routes of Administration and Which Organs Are Most Likely Impacted Based on Route and Toxicokinetic Models8 Questions

Exam 14: Forensic Toxicity Testing4 Questions

Exam 15: The Skin and Eye: Most Likely Exposure Routes and Toxicities Due to Contact Exposure and Dose Toxicities4 Questions

Exam 16: Gastrointestinal System Toxicity and Oral Exposure Gi Tract, Pancreas, Liver7 Questions

Exam 17: The Lung and Gill Exposures Representing Toxic Concentrationsmodel for Environmental Toxicology4 Questions

Exam 18: The Cardiovascular System As Conduit for a Dose Becoming a Dosage: Exposure and Toxicities4 Questions

Exam 19: Bone Marrow and Immune Organ Toxicity Via Lymphatic and Blood Transport10 Questions

Exam 20: The Nervous System and Exposure to Lipophilic Toxicants or Transported Neurotoxic Agents5 Questions

Exam 21: Toxicity to Neuroendocrine Organs and Endocrine Disruption4 Questions

Exam 22: Toxicity to Reproductive Organs and Developmental Toxicity5 Questions

Exam 23: Excretion of Hydrophilic Toxicants and Metabolites and Kidney Toxicity5 Questions

Exam 24: Dispersion Modeling in Air, Water, and Soil: Likely Route of Exposure and Most Sensitive Organism Based on Dispersion and Concentration3 Questions

Exam 25: Agricultural Chemicals Pesticides and Fertilizers: Exposure and Impacts5 Questions

Exam 26: Industrial Chemicals That Biodegrade: Organic Chemical Exposures and Impacts5 Questions

Exam 27: Ndustrial Chemicals That Change Lipophilicity but Do Not Biodegrade: Metal Impacts4 Questions

Exam 28: Industrial Chemicals That Cause Atmospheric Changes and Direct Versus Indirect Toxicity: Gases, Vapors, Aerosols, and Radiation5 Questions

Exam 29: Toxicity of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products Ppcps Into Water2 Questions

Exam 30: Venoms and Injection Toxicity Versus Poisonous Animals or Cells and Ingestion or Contact Toxicity5 Questions

Exam 31: Poisonous Plants or Plant Cells and Ingestion or Contact Toxicity5 Questions

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How does bisphenol A cause epigenetic developmental disruption?

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Hypomethylation of phosphodiesterase Type 4 variant leads to increased expression of adult prostate cells.

Why might exposure to burn products from forest fires be problematic for reproduction?

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Benzo[a]pyrene prevents conception.

What is the A/D ratio?

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It is a ratio of adult to development toxicity. The assumption of this ratio which is not consistent across species is that maternal toxicity for viviparous (live birth) animals is responsible for most developmental abnormalities. This is clearly not the case for chemicals such as thalidomide which specifically binds to the cereblon protein preventing limb outgrowth and fibroblast growth factor Tgf8 expression without maternal toxicity.