Exam 1: Introduction: What Is Corrections?

The positivist school was founded by Beccaria.

In the cohort studies by Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin (1972), what percentage of the population studied committed over 70% of the murders, rapes, and robberies attributed to that group?

The belief that human behavior is caused by forces outside an individual's control is associated with ______.

The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi is consistent with ______.

Nationwide, approximately 33% of former prisoners reoffend within what time period?

A review of the research on deterrence indicates that legal sanctions have "little if any" effect on actual behavior.

Which is the earliest known written code of punishment?

The desire to exact revenge can be traced to ______.

Enrico Ferri believed the purpose of punishment was to rehabilitate offenders.

Which of the following accurately describes recidivism?

Nobel Prize-winning economist Gary Becker dismisses the idea that criminals lack the knowledge and the foresight to take punitive probabilities into consideration when deciding whether to continue committing crimes.

The contrast effect compares the possible punishment for a crime to the life experience of the individual to be punished.

The correctional enterprise is primarily about punishment.

Functions carried out by government agencies dealing with individuals who have been convicted or accused of crimes are called ______.

Early state-controlled punishment was typically as severe as uncontrolled vengeance.

Russia has a higher incarceration rate than the United States.

Retributive justice is driven by simple deterrence and is humanistic and tolerant.

Under Garofalo's sentencing guidelines, the ______ criminal would be subjected to transportation to a penal colony.

Who was Jeremy Bentham and what did he contribute to corrections?

Which of the following is NOT a philosophical justification for punishment?