Exam 19: Development and Evolution

The evolutionary conversion of a structure,gene,or gene complex from one function to another was called ________ by Stephen Jay Gould and Elisabeth Vrba.

In 1996,Michael Behe argued that the bacterial flagellum (a rotating filament-like structure that enables a bacterium to swim)could not have evolved by natural selection,since it is made up of many integrated parts (proteins),and the absence of any one of those parts would make the entire structure useless.Outline a set of experiments on flagella that would test the alternate hypothesis that flagella evolved through exaptation at the molecular level.

The ectodysplasin gene of stickleback fish in fresh and salt waters provides a good example of pleiotropy,because it ________.

Australian marsupials known as flying phalangers (genus Petaurus),southeast Asian mammals known as colugos (order Dermoptera),and North American flying squirrels (genus Glaucomys)are not closely related,but all three have furry membranes extending from wrist to ankle that enable them to glide from tree to tree.Explain how you could decide whether these similarities are due to convergence or to parallel evolution.

The most significant conclusion of the experiments on Heliconius butterfly mimics is that ________.

A "structuralist" biologist would explain an organism's features as the result of ________.

Genes in the NK4 class are involved in heart development in both vertebrates and fruit flies.They are also involved in the development of pumping organs in organisms that lack a heart,such as roundworms and cnidarians.Available information suggests that in early animals,the ancestral NK4 gene and its associated regulatory network ________.

Unlike all other honeybees,worker bees in the South African subspecies Apis mellifera capensis can lay eggs that develop asexually into queens,which makes it possible for them to "nest parasitize" other subspecies of honeybees.This is due to ________.

Why was developmental biology left out of the "modern synthesis" of evolution as it developed in the 1930s and 1940s?

François Jacob and Jacques Monod discovered ________.