Exam 12: The Medieval Synthesis and Its Cracks, 1215-1340

Although Louis IX was generally supportive of the papacy, he simultaneously maintained the monarchy's independence from ecclesiastical authority, as exemplified by which of the following?

In the thirteenth century, papal attempts to bring all of Christian Europe under the guidance of the pope suffered severe challenges. Describe the ways in which several thirteenth-century popes attempted to assert and define their power. How did these attempts conflict with the goals of the German emperor Frederick II and the French king Philip the Fair? By the end of the century, how had these struggles affected the positions of the pope, the German emperor, and the French king?

Which of the following is evidence that the message of mendicant friars preaching in towns, cities, and villages was enthusiastically received?

How did Pope Innocent try to realize his vision of the papacy as the supreme lawmaker and of law as an instrument of moral reform?

The French king Philip IV (Philip the Fair) wanted to tax the French clergy to finance which of the following?

What intellectual goal was shared by medieval scholastics?

After 1260, much of the territory of modern-day Russia was under the control of the ​ ​

What factor may have pushed the Mongols on to the path of aggressive expansion in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries?

The Fourth Lateran Council required that Jews

What did the term inquisition originally mean?

The Fourth Lateran Council promoted the doctrine of transubstantiation, which referred to that moment in

What is scholasticism and what are some of the characteristics of scholastics? Who were the scholastics most inspired by, and who became the most famous scholastic? Explain the work of the most famous scholastic and how this style of work impacted society overall.

Why was the impact of the Fourth Lateran Council's measures against illegitimate births less than council members had hoped?

Which statement best characterizes the views of most medieval scholastics, including Thomas Aquinas?

Which scholastic denied that human reason could be used to find God, proposing instead that human reason was dependent on divine illumination?

The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) was called by Pope Innocent III to clarify church doctrine. How did it contribute to the development of inquisitions? Whom did inquisitions target, and what did they do to their victims?

Which of the following happened during the Great Famine?

Some women for whom religion was the center of their lives

What factor allowed Marco Polo and other traders to reach China in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries?

Most European parliaments had their roots in