Chat with AIExam 12: Causality
A research study found that what was hypothesized as the dependent variable, had value changes prior to corresponding changes in an associated variable, originally taken as an independent variable. What is the term given to such a finding?
(31) 
VerifiedB
What are the primary components of a research experiment? Choose the best answer.
(28) VerifiedA
Discuss how random assignment removes or greatly reduces confounding bias.
(30) 
Answered by Examlex AI CopilotRandom assignment is a crucial method in research design that helps to remove or greatly reduce confounding bias. Confounding bias occurs when an extraneous variable is associated with both the treatment and the outcome, leading to a spurious relationship between the two. By using random assignment, researchers can ensure that participants are assigned to different treatment groups in a completely random and unbiased manner.
This random assignment helps to distribute potential confounding variables evenly across the treatment groups, making it less likely that any one group will be systematically different from the others. As a result, any observed differences in outcomes between the treatment groups can be more confidently attributed to the treatment itself, rather than to any other external factors.
In essence, random assignment helps to create comparable groups, which is essential for drawing valid conclusions about the effects of a treatment. Without random assignment, researchers run the risk of introducing bias into their study, which can undermine the validity of their findings. Therefore, random assignment is a powerful tool for ensuring the internal validity of research studies and for minimizing the impact of confounding bias.
To confirm causality, a researcher analyzes the data to verify that any change in an independent variable occurs prior to a corresponding change in the outcome variable. What is this type of verification called?
(33) Which type of study is appropriate for determining the time order between two variables?
(30) A study showing a strong correlation between a dependent and independent variable, but with the presence of some bias, has good internal validity overall.
(30) Random assignment in experimental studies help reduce the effect of any confounders in the study.
(32) What is an alternative term often used for experimental studies?
(33) What does the term ''All else equal" refer to, in the context of a causal relationship?
(30) Random sampling is often used in designing a study to ensure internal validity.
(36) What is the primary difference between an observational and an experimental study?
(38) A study on customer retention in the hospitality industry, found retention to be significantly associated with geographic location of the customer. This association was shown to be empirical by the study. Hence, the relationship between location and retention was causal in nature.
(31) Which factor must be assessed in order to declare an association between two variables as causal?
(32) What is the name given to the technique of combining results of several studies to arrive at a summary of findings?
(41) A cosmetics company observed that retail sales of a particular product fell in three consecutive years after a 5% price increase in 2016. The company did not study any other factors that could have affected sales, and, decided to reduce prices by 3%, going forward. What is this type of conclusion or deduction termed in research studies?
(35) In an experimental study, the 36 participants of the study were arbitrarily placed into two equal groups of 18 participants each. What is this type of placement known as?
(38) With the help of an example, explain "reverse causation" between two variables.
(36) In the example given in question 10, what term is used to refer to the age variable?
(37) 
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