Exam 5: Cognitive Processes

Everyone has the ability to take the perspective of another person. In all countries and cultures, adults and children can reflect upon the mental states of other people. Nevertheless, people in some cultural groups use that ability more often and more naturally. Why?

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Question 1

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In cultures of interdependence (e.g., in Asia), the self is defined in relation to other people, so it's especially important to consider the perspective of others and to know what they are thinking. In cultures of independence (e.g., in the United States, Canada, and Australia), people are taught to be autonomous, so it's less important for them to consider the perspective of others. They struggle a bit when asked to see the world through someone else's eyes.

Imagine a young girl who does not like the taste of broccoli. Her parents tell her that she will be eating a lot of broccoli in the weeks to come. The girl comes to believe that she likes the taste of broccoli more than she did before. This vignette illustrates a principle derived from cognitive dissonance theory. Which one?

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Question 2

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According to expert Joel Cooper, cognitive dissonance is a general phenomenon experienced by people everywhere.

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(True/False)

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Question 3

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An unpackaging study is designed to identify specific features of culture that can explain an observed difference between two or more nationalities or cultural groups.

(True/False)

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Question 4

In one study, Chinese students were, on average, less skilled than American students at taking the perspective of another person because they failed to separate their own perspective from their partner's perspective.

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Question 5

In 1897, an American anthropologist tested the memory capabilities of 500 Black and 500 White schoolchildren. What did he do when he saw that the Black students outperformed the White students?

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Question 6

To reduce cognitive dissonance, a person must change one of the contradictory cognitions.

(True/False)

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Question 7

In studies of perspective taking, the attentional hypothesis states that _______________.

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Question 8

Which of these is NOT characteristic of holistic thinking?

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Question 9

When designing a culture-fair test of intelligence, why should the test maker avoid using a task that requires test takers to memorize a series of words or numbers?

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Question 10

The temporal focus hypothesis states that _________________________________.

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Question 11

Most Americans and Arabs think of time as moving from left to right, but Arabs also think of time as moving up and down.

(True/False)

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Question 12

According to studies, Asians are more likely than Westerners to _, and Westerners are more likely than Asians to _.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 13

List three examples of how culture and language shape the way people think about the relationship between time and space.

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Question 14

What are the essential elements of Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance?

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Question 15

According to studies conducted by Gerd Lüer and his colleagues, why can Chinese students, as a group, retain more items in short-term memory than German students can?

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Question 16

Describe a hypothetical study that would determine if individuals can shift between culturally conditioned ways of thinking.

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Question 17

What is a promotion orientation? What is a prevention orientation? Why are Asians more likely than Westerners to adopt a prevention orientation?

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Question 18

In one study, Asian students were more likely than White students to report first-person memories, but only when they were the center of attention in the remembered event.

(True/False)

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Question 19

Can different cultural values trigger different kinds of dissonance experiences? If so, how so? If not, why not?

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Question 20

Showing 1 - 20 of 30

Everyone has the ability to take the perspective of another person. In all countries and cultures, adults and children can reflect upon the mental states of other people. Nevertheless, people in some cultural groups use that ability more often and more naturally. Why?

According to expert Joel Cooper, cognitive dissonance is a general phenomenon experienced by people everywhere.

An unpackaging study is designed to identify specific features of culture that can explain an observed difference between two or more nationalities or cultural groups.

In one study, Chinese students were, on average, less skilled than American students at taking the perspective of another person because they failed to separate their own perspective from their partner's perspective.

In 1897, an American anthropologist tested the memory capabilities of 500 Black and 500 White schoolchildren. What did he do when he saw that the Black students outperformed the White students?

To reduce cognitive dissonance, a person must change one of the contradictory cognitions.

In studies of perspective taking, the attentional hypothesis states that _______________.

Which of these is NOT characteristic of holistic thinking?

When designing a culture-fair test of intelligence, why should the test maker avoid using a task that requires test takers to memorize a series of words or numbers?

The temporal focus hypothesis states that _________________________________.

Most Americans and Arabs think of time as moving from left to right, but Arabs also think of time as moving up and down.

According to studies, Asians are more likely than Westerners to _, and Westerners are more likely than Asians to _.

List three examples of how culture and language shape the way people think about the relationship between time and space.

What are the essential elements of Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance?

According to studies conducted by Gerd Lüer and his colleagues, why can Chinese students, as a group, retain more items in short-term memory than German students can?

Describe a hypothetical study that would determine if individuals can shift between culturally conditioned ways of thinking.

What is a promotion orientation? What is a prevention orientation? Why are Asians more likely than Westerners to adopt a prevention orientation?

In one study, Asian students were more likely than White students to report first-person memories, but only when they were the center of attention in the remembered event.

Can different cultural values trigger different kinds of dissonance experiences? If so, how so? If not, why not?

Conceptual Tools

Methodological Considerations

Intercultural Communication

Perceptual Processes

Human Development and Individual Differences

Health and Well-Being

Social Behavior

Moral Reasoning

Living in a Multicultural World

Filters

Exam 5: Cognitive Processes

Everyone has the ability to take the perspective of another person. In all countries and cultures, adults and children can reflect upon the mental states of other people. Nevertheless, people in some cultural groups use that ability more often and more naturally. Why?

According to expert Joel Cooper, cognitive dissonance is a general phenomenon experienced by people everywhere.

An unpackaging study is designed to identify specific features of culture that can explain an observed difference between two or more nationalities or cultural groups.

In one study, Chinese students were, on average, less skilled than American students at taking the perspective of another person because they failed to separate their own perspective from their partner's perspective.

In 1897, an American anthropologist tested the memory capabilities of 500 Black and 500 White schoolchildren. What did he do when he saw that the Black students outperformed the White students?

To reduce cognitive dissonance, a person must change one of the contradictory cognitions.

In studies of perspective taking, the attentional hypothesis states that _______________.

Which of these is NOT characteristic of holistic thinking?

When designing a culture-fair test of intelligence, why should the test maker avoid using a task that requires test takers to memorize a series of words or numbers?

The temporal focus hypothesis states that _________________________________.

Most Americans and Arabs think of time as moving from left to right, but Arabs also think of time as moving up and down.

According to studies, Asians are more likely than Westerners to ___________________, and Westerners are more likely than Asians to ___________________.

List three examples of how culture and language shape the way people think about the relationship between time and space.

What are the essential elements of Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance?

According to studies conducted by Gerd Lüer and his colleagues, why can Chinese students, as a group, retain more items in short-term memory than German students can?

Describe a hypothetical study that would determine if individuals can shift between culturally conditioned ways of thinking.

What is a promotion orientation? What is a prevention orientation? Why are Asians more likely than Westerners to adopt a prevention orientation?

In one study, Asian students were more likely than White students to report first-person memories, but only when they were the center of attention in the remembered event.

Can different cultural values trigger different kinds of dissonance experiences? If so, how so? If not, why not?

Conceptual Tools

Methodological Considerations

Intercultural Communication

Perceptual Processes

Human Development and Individual Differences

Health and Well-Being

Social Behavior

Moral Reasoning

Living in a Multicultural World

Filters

According to studies, Asians are more likely than Westerners to _, and Westerners are more likely than Asians to _.