Exam 7: Learning

Knowing how to do something, like ride a bicycle or drive a car, is referred to as

Tolman used this term to describe learning that takes place without reinforcement and which is not necessarily apparent in actual behavior.

Observing and imitating the behavior of others is an important part of the way human beings interact, perhaps because imitation facilitates an understanding and caring about how other people feel, called

When a consequence reduces the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated-for example, if a shock follows the pressing of the wrong lever-the behavior has been

Which of the following best describes how classical conditioning might be used to treat a fear of heights?

Contingency management is often used in substance abuse treatment facilities, which work by reinforcing desired behaviors with prizes (including cash), chances to win prizes, or tokens that may be redeemed for various privileges.

When psychologists speak of prepared learning in humans and other animals, they are referring to

Albert Bandura and his associates carried out the best-known series of studies based on the work of Dollard and Miller on this phenomenon.

Pavlov found that if he allowed his animals to rest for several hours following the ______________ of a behavior, the conditioned response would spontaneously appear again upon re-presentation of the conditioned stimulus.

Which of the following descriptions of behavior probably did NOT come from an observation of a person with one of the autism spectrum disorders?

In reinforcement, the term positive refers to the addition or presentation of something following a behavior, and the term negative refers to the removal of something.

Though it is much less common now, parents would try to limit bad behavior in children by delivering spankings for each instance of disobedience. This is an example of

When the frequency or probability of a behavior is increased as a result of the removal of something following the performance of the behavior, it is called

When you say, "I got used to it," you are expressing the idea of sensitization.

Because of this mechanism of learning, you are able to work on your schoolwork without paying attention to the sounds of your noisy neighbors.

The conditioning (neutral) stimulus in almost all cases must be presented after rather than before the unconditioned stimulus (e.g., the bell must come after the food).

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus like a tone or bell, when paired with this, will produce a conditioned response.

When the consequence of a behavior increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated-for example, when a food pellet rolls down the chute after a rat pushes the correct lever-the behavior is said to have been

For behaviors reinforced on a ________________ schedule, there is an increase in the behavior (bar presses) just before the time that reinforcement (food pellet) is scheduled to occur once again.

This learning phenomenon, which involves observation of rewarding or punishing consequences experienced by others, serves much the same function as being rewarded or punished oneself.