Question 1

What are stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination, and how do they relate to social categorization?

Accepted Answer

Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination are all related to social categorization, which is the process of grouping people into categories based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, or religion.

Stereotyping is the process of attributing certain characteristics to a group of people based on their membership in that group. This can lead to oversimplified and often negative assumptions about individuals within that group.

Prejudice refers to the negative attitudes and feelings held towards individuals or groups based on their social categorization. These attitudes can lead to biased beliefs and discriminatory behavior.

Discrimination is the unfair treatment of individuals or groups based on their social categorization. This can manifest in various forms, such as unequal opportunities, exclusion, or violence.

All of these concepts are interconnected and are rooted in the process of social categorization. When individuals are categorized into groups, it can lead to the development of stereotypes, which in turn can fuel prejudice and discriminatory behavior towards those groups. It is important to recognize and challenge these processes in order to promote equality and reduce the harmful effects of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination.

Question 2

What factors make stereotypes and prejudices so difficult to change?

Accepted Answer

There are several factors that make stereotypes and prejudices difficult to change.

First, stereotypes and prejudices are often deeply ingrained in societal norms and cultural beliefs. These beliefs are often passed down from generation to generation, making them difficult to challenge and change.

Second, stereotypes and prejudices are often reinforced by media, popular culture, and social institutions. This constant reinforcement can make it difficult for individuals to recognize and challenge their own biases.

Third, people often have a natural tendency to categorize and simplify the world around them, which can lead to the formation of stereotypes. These cognitive shortcuts can be difficult to overcome, especially when they are deeply rooted in our subconscious.

Additionally, individuals may feel a sense of identity and belonging through their stereotypes and prejudices, which can make it challenging for them to let go of these beliefs.

Finally, addressing stereotypes and prejudices often requires individuals to confront their own biases and privilege, which can be uncomfortable and challenging. This discomfort can make it difficult for people to engage in meaningful conversations and actions to address and change their biases.

Overall, the combination of deeply ingrained societal norms, media reinforcement, cognitive biases, personal identity, and discomfort with confronting biases all contribute to the difficulty of changing stereotypes and prejudices. However, with education, awareness, and open dialogue, it is possible to challenge and change these harmful beliefs.

Question 3

When Jeremy thinks of Italians, the image of Roberto Benigni, a famous film actor, always comes to his mind. In this case, Benigni can be considered as

Accepted Answer

A)  a prototype. 
B)  a schema. 
C)  a social category. 
D)  an exemplar. 
A)  a prototype. 
B)  a schema. 
C)  a social category. 
D)  an exemplar. D

Question 4

When an eyewitness to a crime attempts to identify a person who is a member of a different social category than he or she is, more errors in identification are likely to be made. This is probably the result of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Out-group homogeneity. 
B)  A self-fulfilling prophecy. 
C)  The minimal intergroup effect. 
D)  Individuation. 
A)  Out-group homogeneity. 
B)  A self-fulfilling prophecy. 
C)  The minimal intergroup effect. 
D)  Individuation.

Question 5

Perceptual accentuation refers to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  The tendency to categorize only out-group members. 
B)  The tendency to categorize only in-group members. 
C)  The tendency to amplify between-group differences and within-group similarities. 
D)  The tendency to perceive out-group members negatively. 
A)  The tendency to categorize only out-group members. 
B)  The tendency to categorize only in-group members. 
C)  The tendency to amplify between-group differences and within-group similarities. 
D)  The tendency to perceive out-group members negatively.

Question 6

Research has shown that people who are prejudiced are more likely to categorize others by their race, in comparison to people who are less prejudiced. This is probably because

Accepted Answer

A)  they can not accurately perceive people. 
B)  they are more perceptually salient. 
C)  they spend more time processing information. 
D)  race is an accessible category for them. 
A)  they can not accurately perceive people. 
B)  they are more perceptually salient. 
C)  they spend more time processing information. 
D)  race is an accessible category for them.

Question 7

Describe the minimal intergroup effect, and give an example of how it has been demonstrated in research. Indicate some reasons that it might occur.

Accepted Answer

The minimal intergroup effect refers to

Question 8

Lamar sees a guy crossing the street in the distance and thinks "Man, that guy is tall - he must be a great basketball player!" Lamar has just engaged in which of the following processes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Social integration. 
B)  Social re-perceptions. 
C)  Social categorization. 
D)  Social influence. 
A)  Social integration. 
B)  Social re-perceptions. 
C)  Social categorization. 
D)  Social influence.

Question 9

Explain the concepts of social categorization and of individuation. When does each occur, and what are the benefits of each? Mention examples of research that show the occurrence of individuation and social categorization in your answer.

Accepted Answer

Social categorization is the process of

Question 10

Which of the following is the definition of social categorization?

Accepted Answer

A)  The process of thinking about someone as a member of a meaningful social group. 
B)  The process of providing social influence to a member of the social category. 
C)  The process of comparing people to natural objects such as animals, plants, and landscapes. 
D)  The process of forming judgments about people on the basis of their physical appearance. 
A)  The process of thinking about someone as a member of a meaningful social group. 
B)  The process of providing social influence to a member of the social category. 
C)  The process of comparing people to natural objects such as animals, plants, and landscapes. 
D)  The process of forming judgments about people on the basis of their physical appearance.

Question 11

In-group homogeneity is likely to be observed in which of the following cases?

Accepted Answer

A)  When the in-group has high social identity. 
B)  When the in-group is very discriminatory. 
C)  When a self-fulfilling prophecy is created. 
D)  When the out-group is also very homogenous. 
A)  When the in-group has high social identity. 
B)  When the in-group is very discriminatory. 
C)  When a self-fulfilling prophecy is created. 
D)  When the out-group is also very homogenous.

Question 12

The name-confusion paradigm has been used to demonstrate which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  That social categorization relates to social influence. 
B)  That social categorization reduces prejudice. 
C)  That social categorization is spontaneous. 
D)  That social categorization occurs only for objects, but not for people. 
A)  That social categorization relates to social influence. 
B)  That social categorization reduces prejudice. 
C)  That social categorization is spontaneous. 
D)  That social categorization occurs only for objects, but not for people.

Question 13

The dependent variable in the name-confusion paradigm is

Accepted Answer

A)  self-esteem. 
B)  reaction time to identifying faces. 
C)  politeness expressed toward others. 
D)  memory for statements made by others. 
A)  self-esteem. 
B)  reaction time to identifying faces. 
C)  politeness expressed toward others. 
D)  memory for statements made by others.

Question 14

When people are divided into social groups, even if those groups are not very important or meaningful,

Accepted Answer

A)  they will demonstrate greater social identity with the out-group. 
B)  they will remember more information about the out-group. 
C)  they will favor members of the in-group. 
D)  they will attempt to treat all out-group members equally. 
A)  they will demonstrate greater social identity with the out-group. 
B)  they will remember more information about the out-group. 
C)  they will favor members of the in-group. 
D)  they will attempt to treat all out-group members equally.

Question 15

Which of the following has been found by researchers studying stereotypes?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is little agreement among people about the stereotypes of social groups. 
B)  People tend to agree about which stereotypes are true of which groups. 
C)  Most stereotypes have now faded away. 
D)  Stereotypes are infrequently used in today's society. 
A)  There is little agreement among people about the stereotypes of social groups. 
B)  People tend to agree about which stereotypes are true of which groups. 
C)  Most stereotypes have now faded away. 
D)  Stereotypes are infrequently used in today's society.

Question 16

When Scott indicates that he thinks that "all women are emotional" he is expressing which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Prejudice. 
B)  Stereotyping. 
C)  Discrimination. 
D)  Exemplar processing. 
A)  Prejudice. 
B)  Stereotyping. 
C)  Discrimination. 
D)  Exemplar processing.

Question 17

Harold believes that all Italians are warm and friendly. One day he meets Lydia, who is Italian. Harold begins talking to Lydia in a very warm and friendly manner. Lydia responds by acting in a warm and friendly way toward Harold. Which of the following has just occurred?

Accepted Answer

A)  Out-group homogeneity. 
B)  In-group homogeneity. 
C)  A self-fulfilling prophecy. 
D)  Biased stereotyping. 
A)  Out-group homogeneity. 
B)  In-group homogeneity. 
C)  A self-fulfilling prophecy. 
D)  Biased stereotyping.

Question 18

In an experiment conducted by Galen Bodenhausen, participants made judgments about the guilt or innocence of a defendant either at a time of day when they reported feeling tired or at a time of day when they reported feeling more alert. The results of this study demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

A)  people stereotyped more when they were alert. 
B)  people stereotyped more when they were tired. 
C)  most people stereotyped more in the morning. 
D)  people stereotyped more in the morning, but only when they felt tired. 
A)  people stereotyped more when they were alert. 
B)  people stereotyped more when they were tired. 
C)  most people stereotyped more in the morning. 
D)  people stereotyped more in the morning, but only when they felt tired.

Question 19

Which of the following is mentioned in your textbook as an important reason to study social categorization?

Accepted Answer

A)  Social categories are changing rapidly. 
B)  Social categorization creates social influence. 
C)  Social categories intersect with memberships in working groups and it is important to be aware of these intersections. 
D)  We cannot predict group performance without knowing a person's social category membership. 
A)  Social categories are changing rapidly. 
B)  Social categorization creates social influence. 
C)  Social categories intersect with memberships in working groups and it is important to be aware of these intersections. 
D)  We cannot predict group performance without knowing a person's social category membership.

Question 20

In an experiment reported in your textbook, Peter Glick and his colleagues sent bogus résumés to business people. What was the major conclusion of their study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Although professional people did not use stereotypes, non-professional people did. 
B)  Although females were stereotyped, males were not. 
C)  Significant gender discrimination was found even among experts and supposedly impartial employment officers. 
D)  Most of the professionals did not find the research important enough to return the questionnaires. 
A)  Although professional people did not use stereotypes, non-professional people did. 
B)  Although females were stereotyped, males were not. 
C)  Significant gender discrimination was found even among experts and supposedly impartial employment officers. 
D)  Most of the professionals did not find the research important enough to return the questionnaires.

What are stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination, and how do they relate to social categorization?

What factors make stereotypes and prejudices so difficult to change?

When Jeremy thinks of Italians, the image of Roberto Benigni, a famous film actor, always comes to his mind. In this case, Benigni can be considered as

When an eyewitness to a crime attempts to identify a person who is a member of a different social category than he or she is, more errors in identification are likely to be made. This is probably the result of which of the following?

Perceptual accentuation refers to which of the following?

Research has shown that people who are prejudiced are more likely to categorize others by their race, in comparison to people who are less prejudiced. This is probably because

Describe the minimal intergroup effect, and give an example of how it has been demonstrated in research. Indicate some reasons that it might occur.

Lamar sees a guy crossing the street in the distance and thinks "Man, that guy is tall - he must be a great basketball player!" Lamar has just engaged in which of the following processes?

Explain the concepts of social categorization and of individuation. When does each occur, and what are the benefits of each? Mention examples of research that show the occurrence of individuation and social categorization in your answer.

Which of the following is the definition of social categorization?

In-group homogeneity is likely to be observed in which of the following cases?

The name-confusion paradigm has been used to demonstrate which of the following?

The dependent variable in the name-confusion paradigm is

When people are divided into social groups, even if those groups are not very important or meaningful,

Which of the following has been found by researchers studying stereotypes?

When Scott indicates that he thinks that "all women are emotional" he is expressing which of the following?

Harold believes that all Italians are warm and friendly. One day he meets Lydia, who is Italian. Harold begins talking to Lydia in a very warm and friendly manner. Lydia responds by acting in a warm and friendly way toward Harold. Which of the following has just occurred?

In an experiment conducted by Galen Bodenhausen, participants made judgments about the guilt or innocence of a defendant either at a time of day when they reported feeling tired or at a time of day when they reported feeling more alert. The results of this study demonstrated that

Which of the following is mentioned in your textbook as an important reason to study social categorization?

In an experiment reported in your textbook, Peter Glick and his colleagues sent bogus résumés to business people. What was the major conclusion of their study?

Defining the Social Group

Studying Groups Scientifically

Groups and Their Functions

Social Influence

Group Development and Structure

Power and Leadership

Group Decision Making

Group Performance and Productivity

Effective Working Groups

Cultures, Social Change, and Crowds

Cooperation and Conflict Within Groups

Cooperation and Conflict Between Groups

Filters

Exam 5: Social Categorization

What are stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination, and how do they relate to social categorization?

What factors make stereotypes and prejudices so difficult to change?

When Jeremy thinks of Italians, the image of Roberto Benigni, a famous film actor, always comes to his mind. In this case, Benigni can be considered as

When an eyewitness to a crime attempts to identify a person who is a member of a different social category than he or she is, more errors in identification are likely to be made. This is probably the result of which of the following?

Perceptual accentuation refers to which of the following?

Research has shown that people who are prejudiced are more likely to categorize others by their race, in comparison to people who are less prejudiced. This is probably because

Describe the minimal intergroup effect, and give an example of how it has been demonstrated in research. Indicate some reasons that it might occur.

Lamar sees a guy crossing the street in the distance and thinks "Man, that guy is tall - he must be a great basketball player!" Lamar has just engaged in which of the following processes?

Explain the concepts of social categorization and of individuation. When does each occur, and what are the benefits of each? Mention examples of research that show the occurrence of individuation and social categorization in your answer.

Which of the following is the definition of social categorization?

In-group homogeneity is likely to be observed in which of the following cases?

The name-confusion paradigm has been used to demonstrate which of the following?

The dependent variable in the name-confusion paradigm is

When people are divided into social groups, even if those groups are not very important or meaningful,

Which of the following has been found by researchers studying stereotypes?

When Scott indicates that he thinks that "all women are emotional" he is expressing which of the following?

Harold believes that all Italians are warm and friendly. One day he meets Lydia, who is Italian. Harold begins talking to Lydia in a very warm and friendly manner. Lydia responds by acting in a warm and friendly way toward Harold. Which of the following has just occurred?

In an experiment conducted by Galen Bodenhausen, participants made judgments about the guilt or innocence of a defendant either at a time of day when they reported feeling tired or at a time of day when they reported feeling more alert. The results of this study demonstrated that

Which of the following is mentioned in your textbook as an important reason to study social categorization?

In an experiment reported in your textbook, Peter Glick and his colleagues sent bogus résumés to business people. What was the major conclusion of their study?

Defining the Social Group

Studying Groups Scientifically

Groups and Their Functions

Social Influence

Group Development and Structure

Power and Leadership

Group Decision Making

Group Performance and Productivity

Effective Working Groups

Cultures, Social Change, and Crowds

Cooperation and Conflict Within Groups

Cooperation and Conflict Between Groups

Filters