Question 1

Which of the following is the major assumption of evolutionary psychology?

Accepted Answer

A)  People desire to maximize their outcomes. 
B)  People wish to maximize their belonging to social groups. 
C)  The behavior of human beings is determined by attempts to meet the goals of survival and reproduction. 
D)  Social groups are relatively new phenomena in human evolution. 
A)  People desire to maximize their outcomes. 
B)  People wish to maximize their belonging to social groups. 
C)  The behavior of human beings is determined by attempts to meet the goals of survival and reproduction. 
D)  Social groups are relatively new phenomena in human evolution. C

Question 2

When and how do we develop social identity? Consider in your answer which groups provide social identity and for which people. How do people respond if they cannot gain social identity?

Accepted Answer

Social identity develops during childhood and continues to evolve throughout adolescence and adulthood. It is shaped by the groups we belong to, such as family, friends, school, work, and community organizations. These groups provide us with a sense of belonging, purpose, and shared values, which contribute to our social identity.

For some people, social identity may be derived from their cultural or ethnic background, religious beliefs, or political affiliations. For others, it may come from their hobbies, interests, or career choices. In any case, social identity is an important aspect of our self-concept and influences how we perceive ourselves and others.

If individuals are unable to gain social identity, they may experience feelings of isolation, low self-esteem, and a lack of purpose. This can lead to negative outcomes such as depression, anxiety, and social withdrawal. In some cases, individuals may seek out alternative groups or communities in an attempt to find a sense of belonging and identity.

Overall, social identity is a fundamental aspect of human development and plays a significant role in shaping our relationships, behaviors, and attitudes. It is important for individuals to have opportunities to connect with groups that provide a positive and supportive social identity, as this can contribute to their overall well-being and sense of belonging.

Question 3

Which of the following describes the process of learning about our own abilities and opinions by comparing them with others?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ability and opinion matching. 
B)  Social comparison. 
C)  Relative deprivation. 
D)  Cognitive comparison. 
A)  Ability and opinion matching. 
B)  Social comparison. 
C)  Relative deprivation. 
D)  Cognitive comparison. B

Question 4

Which of the following was found in the experiment on responses to anxiety conducted by Stanley Schachter?

Accepted Answer

A)  Women preferred to wait for the shocks with others, whereas men preferred to wait alone. 
B)  Men preferred to wait for the shocks with others, whereas women preferred to wait alone. 
C)  The women who were expecting painful shocks preferred to wait alone for the shocks to begin. 
D)  The women who were expecting painful shocks preferred to wait with others for the shocks to begin. 
A)  Women preferred to wait for the shocks with others, whereas men preferred to wait alone. 
B)  Men preferred to wait for the shocks with others, whereas women preferred to wait alone. 
C)  The women who were expecting painful shocks preferred to wait alone for the shocks to begin. 
D)  The women who were expecting painful shocks preferred to wait with others for the shocks to begin.

Question 5

In Stanley Schachter's studies of anxiety,

Accepted Answer

A)  participants preferred to wait with others who were undergoing the same severe shock. 
B)  participants preferred to wait with others undergoing a less severe shock. 
C)  participants preferred to wait with others who had already experienced the shocks. 
D)  participants preferred to wait with others who had not yet experienced the shocks. 
A)  participants preferred to wait with others who were undergoing the same severe shock. 
B)  participants preferred to wait with others undergoing a less severe shock. 
C)  participants preferred to wait with others who had already experienced the shocks. 
D)  participants preferred to wait with others who had not yet experienced the shocks.

Question 6

Social exchange assumes that people prefer positive outcomes. Positive outcomes are defined as:

Accepted Answer

A)  Costs minus rewards. 
B)  Rewards minus costs. 
C)  Costs times rewards. 
D)  Costs divided by rewards. 
A)  Costs minus rewards. 
B)  Rewards minus costs. 
C)  Costs times rewards. 
D)  Costs divided by rewards.

Question 7

The list shows the three types of attachment styles and indicates how children who have these styles are likely to behave. How do attachment styles influence the behavior of individuals as adults?

Accepted Answer

Attachment styles, which are formed in e

Question 8

Describe the processes of social comparison. With whom do we compare, and why do we compare? What are the outcomes of social comparison? Consider an example of the trade-off between self-esteem and accuracy in social comparison.

Accepted Answer

Social comparison is the process of eval

Question 9

According to a study investigating Internet usage,

Accepted Answer

A)  people who reported using the Internet more also reported being more lonely. 
B)  people who reported using the Internet less also reported being more lonely. 
C)  people who were more lonely logged on more often. 
D)  people who were more lonely used chat rooms more frequently. 
A)  people who reported using the Internet more also reported being more lonely. 
B)  people who reported using the Internet less also reported being more lonely. 
C)  people who were more lonely logged on more often. 
D)  people who were more lonely used chat rooms more frequently.

Question 10

According to the principles of social comparison,

Accepted Answer

A)  we focus on others to gain status. 
B)  we focus on others to increase belonging. 
C)  we focus on others to learn about our abilities and opinions. 
D)  we focus on others to make them like us. 
A)  we focus on others to gain status. 
B)  we focus on others to increase belonging. 
C)  we focus on others to learn about our abilities and opinions. 
D)  we focus on others to make them like us.

Question 11

What is social support? Give some examples of the types of social support that people might receive. What are the benefits of having social support, and the costs of not having it? Consider some research that has addressed this topic.

Accepted Answer

Social support refers to the assistance

Question 12

In the research by Eliot Smith and his colleagues, participants responded to traits that described both themselves and their in-groups. Smith and his colleagues found that

Accepted Answer

A)  people responded faster to traits that were both self-descriptive and descriptive of the in-group. 
B)  people responded faster to traits that were self-descriptive than to traits that were descriptive of the in-group. 
C)  people responded faster to positive self-traits than to positive in-group traits. 
D)  people responded faster to negative self-traits than to negative in-group traits. 
A)  people responded faster to traits that were both self-descriptive and descriptive of the in-group. 
B)  people responded faster to traits that were self-descriptive than to traits that were descriptive of the in-group. 
C)  people responded faster to positive self-traits than to positive in-group traits. 
D)  people responded faster to negative self-traits than to negative in-group traits.

Question 13

Research by Cosmides and Tooby found which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Research participants solved problems more easily when they depicted adherence to social exchange. 
B)  Research participants solved problems more easily when they depicted violations of social exchange. 
C)  Research participants solved problems more easily when they were framed in terms of positive emotions. 
D)  Research participants solved problems more easily when they were framed in terms of negative emotions. 
A)  Research participants solved problems more easily when they depicted adherence to social exchange. 
B)  Research participants solved problems more easily when they depicted violations of social exchange. 
C)  Research participants solved problems more easily when they were framed in terms of positive emotions. 
D)  Research participants solved problems more easily when they were framed in terms of negative emotions.

Question 14

Which of the following refers to a description of the different types of relationships that people may have with other individuals?

Accepted Answer

A)  Social belonging. 
B)  Social identity. 
C)  Attachment style. 
D)  Affiliation tendency. 
A)  Social belonging. 
B)  Social identity. 
C)  Attachment style. 
D)  Affiliation tendency.

Question 15

Christina fixes John's car for him and in turn he makes her a delicious dinner. This represents the basic principle of

Accepted Answer

A)  social equity. 
B)  social exchange. 
C)  scratch-your-back policy. 
D)  self-esteem maintenance. 
A)  social equity. 
B)  social exchange. 
C)  scratch-your-back policy. 
D)  self-esteem maintenance.

Question 16

According to the principle of optimal distinctiveness,

Accepted Answer

A)  people prefer to maintain both their independence and their connections with others. 
B)  people are not able to maintain both their independence and their connections with others. 
C)  people have higher self-esteem when they express their independence. 
D)  people have higher self-esteem when they express their connections with others. 
A)  people prefer to maintain both their independence and their connections with others. 
B)  people are not able to maintain both their independence and their connections with others. 
C)  people have higher self-esteem when they express their independence. 
D)  people have higher self-esteem when they express their connections with others.

Question 17

Describe the basic principles of social exchange theory, and give an example of social exchange other than one mentioned in the chapter.

Accepted Answer

Social exchange theory is based on the i

Question 18

Social identity and self-esteem are likely to

Accepted Answer

A)  be positively correlated. 
B)  be negatively correlated. 
C)  only be correlated when people are in groups. 
D)  only be correlated when people engage in downward comparison. 
A)  be positively correlated. 
B)  be negatively correlated. 
C)  only be correlated when people are in groups. 
D)  only be correlated when people engage in downward comparison.

Question 19

Which of the following are the two basic assumptions of social exchange?

Accepted Answer

A)  Interdependence and the desire for positive outcomes. 
B)  Understanding others and changing outcomes. 
C)  Group belonging and social identity. 
D)  Group status and cohesion. 
A)  Interdependence and the desire for positive outcomes. 
B)  Understanding others and changing outcomes. 
C)  Group belonging and social identity. 
D)  Group status and cohesion.

Question 20

Describe the principle of optimal distinctiveness, and indicate its meaning for group behavior.

Accepted Answer

The principle of optimal distinctiveness

Which of the following is the major assumption of evolutionary psychology?

When and how do we develop social identity? Consider in your answer which groups provide social identity and for which people. How do people respond if they cannot gain social identity?

Which of the following describes the process of learning about our own abilities and opinions by comparing them with others?

Which of the following was found in the experiment on responses to anxiety conducted by Stanley Schachter?

In Stanley Schachter's studies of anxiety,

Social exchange assumes that people prefer positive outcomes. Positive outcomes are defined as:

The list shows the three types of attachment styles and indicates how children who have these styles are likely to behave. How do attachment styles influence the behavior of individuals as adults?

Describe the processes of social comparison. With whom do we compare, and why do we compare? What are the outcomes of social comparison? Consider an example of the trade-off between self-esteem and accuracy in social comparison.

According to a study investigating Internet usage,

According to the principles of social comparison,

What is social support? Give some examples of the types of social support that people might receive. What are the benefits of having social support, and the costs of not having it? Consider some research that has addressed this topic.

In the research by Eliot Smith and his colleagues, participants responded to traits that described both themselves and their in-groups. Smith and his colleagues found that

Research by Cosmides and Tooby found which of the following?

Which of the following refers to a description of the different types of relationships that people may have with other individuals?

Christina fixes John's car for him and in turn he makes her a delicious dinner. This represents the basic principle of

According to the principle of optimal distinctiveness,

Describe the basic principles of social exchange theory, and give an example of social exchange other than one mentioned in the chapter.

Social identity and self-esteem are likely to

Which of the following are the two basic assumptions of social exchange?

Describe the principle of optimal distinctiveness, and indicate its meaning for group behavior.

Defining the Social Group

Studying Groups Scientifically

Social Influence

Social Categorization

Group Development and Structure

Power and Leadership

Group Decision Making

Group Performance and Productivity

Effective Working Groups

Cultures, Social Change, and Crowds

Cooperation and Conflict Within Groups

Cooperation and Conflict Between Groups

Filters

Exam 3: Groups and Their Functions

Which of the following is the major assumption of evolutionary psychology?

When and how do we develop social identity? Consider in your answer which groups provide social identity and for which people. How do people respond if they cannot gain social identity?

Which of the following describes the process of learning about our own abilities and opinions by comparing them with others?

Which of the following was found in the experiment on responses to anxiety conducted by Stanley Schachter?

In Stanley Schachter's studies of anxiety,

Social exchange assumes that people prefer positive outcomes. Positive outcomes are defined as:

The list shows the three types of attachment styles and indicates how children who have these styles are likely to behave. How do attachment styles influence the behavior of individuals as adults?

Describe the processes of social comparison. With whom do we compare, and why do we compare? What are the outcomes of social comparison? Consider an example of the trade-off between self-esteem and accuracy in social comparison.

According to a study investigating Internet usage,

According to the principles of social comparison,

What is social support? Give some examples of the types of social support that people might receive. What are the benefits of having social support, and the costs of not having it? Consider some research that has addressed this topic.

In the research by Eliot Smith and his colleagues, participants responded to traits that described both themselves and their in-groups. Smith and his colleagues found that

Research by Cosmides and Tooby found which of the following?

Which of the following refers to a description of the different types of relationships that people may have with other individuals?

Christina fixes John's car for him and in turn he makes her a delicious dinner. This represents the basic principle of

According to the principle of optimal distinctiveness,

Describe the basic principles of social exchange theory, and give an example of social exchange other than one mentioned in the chapter.

Social identity and self-esteem are likely to

Which of the following are the two basic assumptions of social exchange?

Describe the principle of optimal distinctiveness, and indicate its meaning for group behavior.

Defining the Social Group

Studying Groups Scientifically

Social Influence

Social Categorization

Group Development and Structure

Power and Leadership

Group Decision Making

Group Performance and Productivity

Effective Working Groups

Cultures, Social Change, and Crowds

Cooperation and Conflict Within Groups

Cooperation and Conflict Between Groups

Filters