Exam 6: Learning

A(n) _____ is an unlearned reaction elicited by a stimulus without any learning.

_____ conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

For most people, money is a _____ reinforce.

Describe two ways learning occurs in everyday life, including one example of voluntary learning and one example of involuntary learning. , Operant Conditioning

Ten days in a row Frank felt a static electric shock when he kissed his wife on the living room carpet. Now he feels mildly anxious whenever he approaches his wife to kiss her. In classical conditioning, his wife was a(n) _____ stimulus ten days ago, and has now become a(n) _____ stimulus.

According to your text, a rat raised in an enriched versus a deprived environment typically develops

Five-year-old Nicholas just learned the rhyme, "Step on a crack, break your mother's back." His mother won't let him eat the candy bar his grandmother just gave him until after dinner. Nicholas waves goodbye to grandma, while stepping on all the cracks in his driveway. This may be an example of _____.

When you learn something by imitating the behavior of other people, these people are _____.

The occurrence of a learned response to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus is called stimulus _____.

The responses learned through classical conditioning are _____; the responses learned through operant conditioning are _____.

Define and give an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment. Describe why policymakers and developmental psychologists urge parents to use alternatives to physical punishment, such as forms of negative punishment?

You clap with delight when your young son picks up a spoon. You laugh and applaud when he later brings the spoon toward his mouth. When he places the spoon in his mouth you hug and kiss him all over. It is MOST likely that you _____.

When satisfying consequences happen to someone, the probability of repeating the behavior that occurred before the satisfying consequence increases. This best illustrates:

Define observational learning, including a description of the four processes that are essential for it to work, and an example of your own observational learning.

Tolman did an experiment where laboratory rats were reinforced for completing a maze. Each subsequent day, they ran the maze with fewer errors. On the 11th day of the experiment, Tolman flooded the maze with water, forcing the laboratory rats to use muscle movements that had never been reinforced. If the rats were building cognitive maps of the mazes, which result would you expect for their performance on the 11th day?

Garcia and his colleagues taught coyotes to avoid sheep by pairing a nausea-inducing drug with freshly killed sheep eaten by the coyotes. This is an example of _____.

Secondary reinforcers increase the probability of a response, and _____.

Garcia's taste aversion studies demonstrated that Pavlov was mistaken in his belief that _____.

The BEST definition of a cognitive map is _____.

A previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, produces a conditioned response is now called a(n) _____.