Question 1

-The best classification system is that which most closely

Accepted Answer

A) unites organisms that possess similar morphologies. 
B) conforms to traditional, Linnaean taxonomic practices. 
C) reflects evolutionary history. 
D) reflects the basic separation of prokaryotes from eukaryotes. 
A) unites organisms that possess similar morphologies. 
B) conforms to traditional, Linnaean taxonomic practices. 
C) reflects evolutionary history. 
D) reflects the basic separation of prokaryotes from eukaryotes. C

Question 2

What kind of evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes to either of two different domains,rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom?

Accepted Answer

A) molecular 
B) behavioural 
C) nutritional 
D) anatomical 
E) ecological 
A) molecular 
B) behavioural 
C) nutritional 
D) anatomical 
E) ecological A

Question 3

The next questions refer to the following table,which compares the percent sequence homology of four different parts (two introns and two exons)of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species.Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (e.g.,Intron I is the one closest to the promoter).The data reported for species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to another member of species A.
% Sequence Homology
  
-Based on the tabular data,and assuming that time advances vertically,which cladogram (a type of phylogenetic tree)is the most likely depiction of the evolutionary relationships among these five species?

Accepted Answer

A)    
B)    
C)    
D)    
A)    
B)    
C)    
D)    D

Question 4

Use the following information and figure to answer the questions below.
Traditionally,whales and hippopotamuses have been classified in different orders,the Cetacea and the Artiodactyla,respectively.Recent molecular evidence,however,indicates that the whales' closest living relatives are the hippos.This has caused some zoologists to lump the two orders together into a single clade,the Cetartiodactyla.There is no consensus on whether the Cetartiodactyla should be accorded order status or superorder status.This is because it remains unclear whether the whale lineage diverged from the lineage leading to the hippos before or after the other members of the order Artiodactyla (pigs,camels,etc.)diverged (see the figure below).
   
This figure contrasts the "Within the artiodactyls" origin of the whale lineage with the "Without the artiodactyls" origin of the whale lineage.
-Placing whales and hippos in the same clade means

Accepted Answer

A) that these organisms are phenotypically more similar to each other than to any others shown on the trees in the above figure. 
B) that their morphological similarities are probably homoplasies. 
C) that they had a common ancestor. 
D) that all three of the responses are correct. 
E) that two of the responses are correct. 
A) that these organisms are phenotypically more similar to each other than to any others shown on the trees in the above figure. 
B) that their morphological similarities are probably homoplasies. 
C) that they had a common ancestor. 
D) that all three of the responses are correct. 
E) that two of the responses are correct.

Question 5

A monophyletic group

Accepted Answer

A) is the basal taxon. 
B) includes the groups that form the nodes on a phylogenetic tree. 
C) is an ancestral species and includes all of its descendants. 
D) is an ancestral species and includes some of its descendants. 
E) includes species that show convergent evolution. 
A) is the basal taxon. 
B) includes the groups that form the nodes on a phylogenetic tree. 
C) is an ancestral species and includes all of its descendants. 
D) is an ancestral species and includes some of its descendants. 
E) includes species that show convergent evolution.

Question 6

What important criterion was used in the late 1960s to distinguish between the three multicellular eukaryotic kingdoms of the five-kingdom classification system?

Accepted Answer

A) the number of cells present in individual organisms 
B) the geological stratum in which fossils first appear 
C) the nutritional modes they employ 
D) the biogeographic province where each first appears 
E) the features of their embryos 
A) the number of cells present in individual organisms 
B) the geological stratum in which fossils first appear 
C) the nutritional modes they employ 
D) the biogeographic province where each first appears 
E) the features of their embryos

Question 7

Members of which kingdom have cell walls and are all heterotrophic?

Accepted Answer

A) Plantae 
B) Fungi 
C) Animalia 
D) Protista 
E) Monera 
A) Plantae 
B) Fungi 
C) Animalia 
D) Protista 
E) Monera

Question 8

Which of the following pairs are the best examples of homologous structures?

Accepted Answer

A) bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb 
B) owl wing and hornet wing 
C) bat wing and bird wing 
D) eyelessness in the Australian mole and eyelessness in the North American mole 
A) bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb 
B) owl wing and hornet wing 
C) bat wing and bird wing 
D) eyelessness in the Australian mole and eyelessness in the North American mole

Question 9

Which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbioses that included an ancient proteobacterium and an ancient cyanobacterium?

Accepted Answer

A) Plantae 
B) Fungi 
C) Animalia 
D) Protista 
E) Monera 
A) Plantae 
B) Fungi 
C) Animalia 
D) Protista 
E) Monera

Question 10

Which eukaryotic kingdom is polyphyletic,and therefore unacceptable,based on cladistics?

Accepted Answer

A) Plantae 
B) Fungi 
C) Animalia 
D) Protista 
E) Monera 
A) Plantae 
B) Fungi 
C) Animalia 
D) Protista 
E) Monera

Question 11

Use the following information and figure to answer the questions below.
Traditionally,whales and hippopotamuses have been classified in different orders,the Cetacea and the Artiodactyla,respectively.Recent molecular evidence,however,indicates that the whales' closest living relatives are the hippos.This has caused some zoologists to lump the two orders together into a single clade,the Cetartiodactyla.There is no consensus on whether the Cetartiodactyla should be accorded order status or superorder status.This is because it remains unclear whether the whale lineage diverged from the lineage leading to the hippos before or after the other members of the order Artiodactyla (pigs,camels,etc.)diverged (see the figure below).
   
This figure contrasts the "Within the artiodactyls" origin of the whale lineage with the "Without the artiodactyls" origin of the whale lineage.
-If it turns out that the whale lineage diverged from the lineage leading to hippos after the divergence of the lineage leading to the pigs and other artiodactyls,and if the whales continue to be classified in the order Cetacea,then what becomes true of the taxon Cetartiodactyla?

Accepted Answer

A) It should be considered as one monophyletic order. 
B) It should be considered a superorder that consists of two monophyletic orders. 
C) It should be established as a paraphyletic order. 
D) It should be thrown out or modified by taxonomists if classification is to reflect evolutionary history. 
A) It should be considered as one monophyletic order. 
B) It should be considered a superorder that consists of two monophyletic orders. 
C) It should be established as a paraphyletic order. 
D) It should be thrown out or modified by taxonomists if classification is to reflect evolutionary history.

Question 12

Use the following information and figure to answer the questions below.
Traditionally,whales and hippopotamuses have been classified in different orders,the Cetacea and the Artiodactyla,respectively.Recent molecular evidence,however,indicates that the whales' closest living relatives are the hippos.This has caused some zoologists to lump the two orders together into a single clade,the Cetartiodactyla.There is no consensus on whether the Cetartiodactyla should be accorded order status or superorder status.This is because it remains unclear whether the whale lineage diverged from the lineage leading to the hippos before or after the other members of the order Artiodactyla (pigs,camels,etc.)diverged (see the figure below).
   
This figure contrasts the "Within the artiodactyls" origin of the whale lineage with the "Without the artiodactyls" origin of the whale lineage.
-It was once thought that cetaceans had evolved from an extinct group of mammals called the mesonychids.If,in the future,it is determined that some organisms currently classified as cetaceans did actually evolve from mesonychids,whereas other cetaceans evolved from artiodactyl stock,then what will be true of the order Cetacea?

Accepted Answer

A) It will be paraphyletic. 
B) It will be polyphyletic. 
C) It will need to be thrown out or modified if classification is to reflect evolutionary history. 
D) Two of the responses are correct. 
A) It will be paraphyletic. 
B) It will be polyphyletic. 
C) It will need to be thrown out or modified if classification is to reflect evolutionary history. 
D) Two of the responses are correct.

Question 13

There is some evidence that reptiles called cynodonts may have had whisker-like hairs around their mouths.If true,then what can be properly said of hair?

Accepted Answer

A) It is a shared derived character of mammals, even if cynodonts continue to be classified as reptiles. 
B) It is a shared derived character of the amniote clade, and not of the mammal clade. 
C) It is a shared ancestral character of the amniote clade, but only if cynodonts are reclassified as mammals. 
D) It is a shared derived character of the mammals, but only if cynodonts are reclassified as mammals. 
A) It is a shared derived character of mammals, even if cynodonts continue to be classified as reptiles. 
B) It is a shared derived character of the amniote clade, and not of the mammal clade. 
C) It is a shared ancestral character of the amniote clade, but only if cynodonts are reclassified as mammals. 
D) It is a shared derived character of the mammals, but only if cynodonts are reclassified as mammals.

Question 14

Binomial nomenclature was devised by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century.Which of the following scientific names is written correctly?

Accepted Answer

A) Panthera pardus 
B) Panthera Tigris 
C) Taxidea taxus 
D) canis latrans 
E) Ursus Maritimus 
A) Panthera pardus 
B) Panthera Tigris 
C) Taxidea taxus 
D) canis latrans 
E) Ursus Maritimus

Question 15

Which of the following is true of all horizontally oriented phylogenetic trees,where time advances to the right?

Accepted Answer

A) Each branch point represents a point in absolute time. 
B) Organisms represented at the base of such trees are descendants of those represented at higher levels. 
C) The fewer branch points that occur between two taxa, the more divergent their DNA sequences should be. 
D) The common ancestor represented by the rightmost branch point existed more recently in time than the common ancestors represented at branch points located to the left. 
E) The more branch points there are, the fewer taxa are likely to be represented. 
A) Each branch point represents a point in absolute time. 
B) Organisms represented at the base of such trees are descendants of those represented at higher levels. 
C) The fewer branch points that occur between two taxa, the more divergent their DNA sequences should be. 
D) The common ancestor represented by the rightmost branch point existed more recently in time than the common ancestors represented at branch points located to the left. 
E) The more branch points there are, the fewer taxa are likely to be represented.

Question 16

What is true of the phylogeny in the above figure?
1)It is rooted.
2)The gibbons and siamangs represent an outgroup of the great apes.
3)Chimps and humans are the closest extant sister taxa depicted here.
4)It is absolute,meaning free of error.
5)The last common ancestor of the great apes lived about 14 million years ago.

Accepted Answer

A) 1, 2, and 3 
B) 1, 2, and 5 
C) 1, 2, 3, and 4 
D) 1, 2, 3, and 5 
E) 2, 3, 4, and 5 
A) 1, 2, and 3 
B) 1, 2, and 5 
C) 1, 2, 3, and 4 
D) 1, 2, 3, and 5 
E) 2, 3, 4, and 5

Question 17

Three living species X,Y,and Z share a common ancestor T,as do extinct species U and V.A grouping that consists of species T,X,Y,and Z (but not U or V)makes up

Accepted Answer

A) a valid taxon. 
B) a monophyletic clade. 
C) an ingroup, with species U as the outgroup. 
D) a paraphyletic group. 
E) a polyphyletic group. 
A) a valid taxon. 
B) a monophyletic clade. 
C) an ingroup, with species U as the outgroup. 
D) a paraphyletic group. 
E) a polyphyletic group.

Question 18

The following questions refer to this phylogenetic tree,depicting the origins of life and of the three domains.Horizontal lines indicate instances of gene or genome transfer.
   
A possible phylogenetic tree for the three domains of life.
-If the early history of life on Earth is accurately depicted by the above figure,then which statement is least in agreement with the hypothesis proposed by this tree?

Accepted Answer

A) The last universal common ancestor of all extant species is better described as a community of organisms, rather than an individual species. 
B) The origin of the three domains appears as a polytomy. 
C) Archaean genomes should contain genes that originated in bacteria, and vice versa. 
D) Eukaryotes are more closely related to archaeans than to bacteria. 
A) The last universal common ancestor of all extant species is better described as a community of organisms, rather than an individual species. 
B) The origin of the three domains appears as a polytomy. 
C) Archaean genomes should contain genes that originated in bacteria, and vice versa. 
D) Eukaryotes are more closely related to archaeans than to bacteria.

Question 19

In a comparison of birds and mammals,having four limbs is

Accepted Answer

A) a shared ancestral character. 
B) a shared derived character. 
C) a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals. 
D) an example of analogy rather than homology. 
A) a shared ancestral character. 
B) a shared derived character. 
C) a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals. 
D) an example of analogy rather than homology.

Question 20

The term homoplasy is most applicable to which of the following features?

Accepted Answer

A) the legless condition found in various lineages of extant lizards 
B) the five-digit condition of human hands and bat wings 
C) the β hemoglobin genes of mice and of humans 
D) the fur that covers Australian moles and North American moles 
E) the bones of bat forelimbs and the bones of bird forelimbs 
A) the legless condition found in various lineages of extant lizards 
B) the five-digit condition of human hands and bat wings 
C) the β hemoglobin genes of mice and of humans 
D) the fur that covers Australian moles and North American moles 
E) the bones of bat forelimbs and the bones of bird forelimbs

Exam 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

-The best classification system is that which most closely

What kind of evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes to either of two different domains,rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom?

A monophyletic group

What important criterion was used in the late 1960s to distinguish between the three multicellular eukaryotic kingdoms of the five-kingdom classification system?

Members of which kingdom have cell walls and are all heterotrophic?

Which of the following pairs are the best examples of homologous structures?

Which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbioses that included an ancient proteobacterium and an ancient cyanobacterium?

Which eukaryotic kingdom is polyphyletic,and therefore unacceptable,based on cladistics?

There is some evidence that reptiles called cynodonts may have had whisker-like hairs around their mouths.If true,then what can be properly said of hair?

Binomial nomenclature was devised by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century.Which of the following scientific names is written correctly?

Which of the following is true of all horizontally oriented phylogenetic trees,where time advances to the right?

Three living species X,Y,and Z share a common ancestor T,as do extinct species U and V.A grouping that consists of species T,X,Y,and Z (but not U or V)makes up

In a comparison of birds and mammals,having four limbs is

The term homoplasy is most applicable to which of the following features?

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure,Growth,and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons,Synapses,and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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