Question 1

What is the specialized branch of mathematics that is used to compare data?

Accepted Answer

A)  epidemiology 
B)  computational mathematics 
C)  cross-sectional mathematics 
D)  statistics 
A)  epidemiology 
B)  computational mathematics 
C)  cross-sectional mathematics 
D)  statistics D

Question 2

What type of experimental result (two words) is one that is very unlikely to be due to chance differences between the experimental and control groups?

Accepted Answer

statistically significant

Question 3

In statistics, what is a sample?

Accepted Answer

A)  the mean of a population to be studied 
B)  a small subgroup of a population to be studied 
C)  the correlation between the two different experimental factors 
D)  a range of values with a high probability of containing the true mean 
A)  the mean of a population to be studied 
B)  a small subgroup of a population to be studied 
C)  the correlation between the two different experimental factors 
D)  a range of values with a high probability of containing the true mean B

Question 4

-According to the graph, how did the results of the control group compare to the results of the experimental group?

Accepted Answer

A)  There was no difference between the results from both groups. 
B)  Echinacea tea was more effective for the experimental group. 
C)  Placebo tea was more effective for the control group. 
D)  Echinacea tea was more effective for the control group. 
A)  There was no difference between the results from both groups. 
B)  Echinacea tea was more effective for the experimental group. 
C)  Placebo tea was more effective for the control group. 
D)  Echinacea tea was more effective for the control group.

Question 5

Which of the following hypotheses is testable using scientific methods?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bees can see ultraviolet light that humans can't. 
B)  The dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex was a scavenger, not a predator. 
C)  Peacocks like to display their large tail feathers. 
D)  People with type O blood are natural meat eaters. 
A)  Bees can see ultraviolet light that humans can't. 
B)  The dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex was a scavenger, not a predator. 
C)  Peacocks like to display their large tail feathers. 
D)  People with type O blood are natural meat eaters.

Question 6

-According to the graph, what is the relationship between stress and the likelihood of infection by a cold virus?

Accepted Answer

A)  People with a stress index of 3-4 are more likely to catch a cold. 
B)  People with a stress index of 5-6 are more likely to catch a cold. 
C)  People with a stress index of 11-12 are more likely to catch a cold. 
D)  People at all stress levels have an equal chance of catching a cold. 
A)  People with a stress index of 3-4 are more likely to catch a cold. 
B)  People with a stress index of 5-6 are more likely to catch a cold. 
C)  People with a stress index of 11-12 are more likely to catch a cold. 
D)  People at all stress levels have an equal chance of catching a cold.

Question 7

How can sampling error be reduced?

Accepted Answer

A)  by increasing the sample size 
B)  by performing statistical tests on experimental data 
C)  by performing double-blind experiments 
D)  by monitoring changes in the experimental and control groups 
A)  by increasing the sample size 
B)  by performing statistical tests on experimental data 
C)  by performing double-blind experiments 
D)  by monitoring changes in the experimental and control groups

Question 8

Why are correlations less convincing than controlled experimental results?

Accepted Answer

A)  Correlations are subject to greater bias than experimental results. 
B)  Correlations cannot be observed outside the laboratory. 
C)  Correlations cannot be statistically significant. 
D)  Correlations do not eliminate as many alternative hypotheses. 
A)  Correlations are subject to greater bias than experimental results. 
B)  Correlations cannot be observed outside the laboratory. 
C)  Correlations cannot be statistically significant. 
D)  Correlations do not eliminate as many alternative hypotheses.

Question 9

There is a strong correlation between stress and susceptibility to colds. What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

A)  Stress must directly cause susceptibility to colds. 
B)  A high susceptibility to colds must directly cause stress. 
C)  People with high stress must come into contact with more cold viruses. 
D)  Stress might or might not affect susceptibility to colds. 
A)  Stress must directly cause susceptibility to colds. 
B)  A high susceptibility to colds must directly cause stress. 
C)  People with high stress must come into contact with more cold viruses. 
D)  Stress might or might not affect susceptibility to colds.

Question 10

What is the result when a well-tested hypothesis is supported by many independent studies in the scientific community?

Accepted Answer

A)  The hypothesis would be considered a scientific theory. 
B)  The hypothesis is now be referred to as a prediction. 
C)  Further experiments would not occur unless a sufficient alternative is proposed. 
D)  The hypothesis is a fact that cannot be refuted. 
A)  The hypothesis would be considered a scientific theory. 
B)  The hypothesis is now be referred to as a prediction. 
C)  Further experiments would not occur unless a sufficient alternative is proposed. 
D)  The hypothesis is a fact that cannot be refuted.

Question 11

What is a statistically significant result?

Accepted Answer

A)  a result that is unlikely due to chance 
B)  a result that has real-world importance but is not necessarily based on mathematical probability 
C)  a result that is likely due to chance differences between groups 
D)  a result that the media can report as valid but scientists must consider unsupported by research 
A)  a result that is unlikely due to chance 
B)  a result that has real-world importance but is not necessarily based on mathematical probability 
C)  a result that is likely due to chance differences between groups 
D)  a result that the media can report as valid but scientists must consider unsupported by research

Question 12

Experimental subjects are given a pill to test its effectiveness on reducing the duration of a cold. How should the control group be treated?

Accepted Answer

A)  Do nothing with the control group. 
B)  Give the control group two pills instead of one. 
C)  Give the control group a pill that does not affect the duration of colds. 
D)  Let the control group choose whether or not to take any pills. 
A)  Do nothing with the control group. 
B)  Give the control group two pills instead of one. 
C)  Give the control group a pill that does not affect the duration of colds. 
D)  Let the control group choose whether or not to take any pills.

Question 13

It has been observed that people with relatively high stress levels get a relatively high number of colds. What would this be an example of?

Accepted Answer

A)  correlation 
B)  experiment 
C)  variable 
D)  hypothesis 
A)  correlation 
B)  experiment 
C)  variable 
D)  hypothesis

Question 14

What does it mean if the reported confidence interval for a population mean is 95%?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is a 5% chance that the results are statistically significant. 
B)  There is a 95% chance that the results are statistically significant. 
C)  There is a 5% probability that the true mean is in the reported range. 
D)  There is a 95% probability that the true mean is in the reported range. 
A)  There is a 5% chance that the results are statistically significant. 
B)  There is a 95% chance that the results are statistically significant. 
C)  There is a 5% probability that the true mean is in the reported range. 
D)  There is a 95% probability that the true mean is in the reported range.

Question 15

Mehran heard that drinking a high protein supplement after football training would improve his muscle mass. To test his hypothesis, the experimental group would receive a high protein drink and the control group would drink only water. Who should be selected for the control group in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  randomly selected teammates who are given only small amounts of a protein drink 
B)  randomly selected teammates in training who are given a placebo instead of a protein drink 
C)  volunteers from the general campus population who are not given any protein drink 
D)  volunteers from the football team who agree to take a placebo instead of a protein drink 
A)  randomly selected teammates who are given only small amounts of a protein drink 
B)  randomly selected teammates in training who are given a placebo instead of a protein drink 
C)  volunteers from the general campus population who are not given any protein drink 
D)  volunteers from the football team who agree to take a placebo instead of a protein drink

Question 16

What type of evidence would include a personal opinion on the effectiveness of a dietary supplement in preventing colds?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What type of evidence would include a...

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a cohort study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Compare lifetime exposure to coal plant emissions between individuals with lung cancer and individuals without lung cancer in the general population. 
B)  Measure lifetime exposure to coal plant emissions and the incidence of lung cancer in a group of individuals living in a small town. 
C)  Question all people in an area about their exposure to coal plant emissions and whether they have any lung diseases. 
D)  Examine the incidence of lung disease in all females over the age of 50 in a city by a coal plant. 
A)  Compare lifetime exposure to coal plant emissions between individuals with lung cancer and individuals without lung cancer in the general population. 
B)  Measure lifetime exposure to coal plant emissions and the incidence of lung cancer in a group of individuals living in a small town. 
C)  Question all people in an area about their exposure to coal plant emissions and whether they have any lung diseases. 
D)  Examine the incidence of lung disease in all females over the age of 50 in a city by a coal plant.

Question 18

Which statement would be correct if an inductively reasoned hypothesis makes sense, based on all available and historical observations?

Accepted Answer

A)  The hypothesis must be true. 
B)  The hypothesis cannot possibly be true. 
C)  The hypothesis must be tested. 
D)  Experimentation is not necessary. 
A)  The hypothesis must be true. 
B)  The hypothesis cannot possibly be true. 
C)  The hypothesis must be tested. 
D)  Experimentation is not necessary.

Question 19

Which of the following is a disadvantage of a correlational experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Subjects may not know exposure levels. 
B)  It is expensive and time consuming. 
C)  It is not feasible for rare diseases or environmental factors of interest. 
D)  It is only feasible for hypotheses for which an experimental treatment can be applied. 
A)  Subjects may not know exposure levels. 
B)  It is expensive and time consuming. 
C)  It is not feasible for rare diseases or environmental factors of interest. 
D)  It is only feasible for hypotheses for which an experimental treatment can be applied.

Question 20

What type of reasoning is used to make a hypothesis based on previously established observations?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What type of reasoning is used to...

Exam 1: Can Science Cure the Common Cold Introduction to the Scientific Method

What is the specialized branch of mathematics that is used to compare data?

What type of experimental result (two words) is one that is very unlikely to be due to chance differences between the experimental and control groups?

In statistics, what is a sample?

-According to the graph, how did the results of the control group compare to the results of the experimental group?

Which of the following hypotheses is testable using scientific methods?

-According to the graph, what is the relationship between stress and the likelihood of infection by a cold virus?

How can sampling error be reduced?

Why are correlations less convincing than controlled experimental results?

There is a strong correlation between stress and susceptibility to colds. What does this mean?

What is the result when a well-tested hypothesis is supported by many independent studies in the scientific community?

What is a statistically significant result?

Experimental subjects are given a pill to test its effectiveness on reducing the duration of a cold. How should the control group be treated?

It has been observed that people with relatively high stress levels get a relatively high number of colds. What would this be an example of?

What does it mean if the reported confidence interval for a population mean is 95%?

What type of evidence would include a personal opinion on the effectiveness of a dietary supplement in preventing colds?

Which of the following is an example of a cohort study?

Which statement would be correct if an inductively reasoned hypothesis makes sense, based on all available and historical observations?

Which of the following is a disadvantage of a correlational experiment?

What type of reasoning is used to make a hypothesis based on previously established observations?

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