Question 1

Demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis disrupt normal neural communication by

Accepted Answer

A) destroying receptors on postsynaptic cells so that neurotransmitters cannot bind normally. 
B) creating lesions in the blood-brain barrier that allow toxic substances to enter the brain from the bloodstream. 
C) causing deterioration of the fatty substance that normally coats and insulates axons. 
D) diminishing the activity of the sodium-potassium pumps that usually maintain the resting potential of neurons. 
A) destroying receptors on postsynaptic cells so that neurotransmitters cannot bind normally. 
B) creating lesions in the blood-brain barrier that allow toxic substances to enter the brain from the bloodstream. 
C) causing deterioration of the fatty substance that normally coats and insulates axons. 
D) diminishing the activity of the sodium-potassium pumps that usually maintain the resting potential of neurons.

Question 2

In myelinated axons,action potentials are generated

Accepted Answer

A) at the nodes of Ranvier only. 
B) along the entire length of the axons. 
C) underneath the myelinated portions of the axons only. 
D) only at the axon hillocks and axon terminals. 
A) at the nodes of Ranvier only. 
B) along the entire length of the axons. 
C) underneath the myelinated portions of the axons only. 
D) only at the axon hillocks and axon terminals.

Question 3

If you were to insert a microelectrode through the cell membrane of a neuron,you would be able to demonstrate that

Accepted Answer

A) the region inside the cell membrane contains more positive ions than the region outside the membrane. 
B) the region inside the cell membrane contains more negative ions than the region outside the membrane. 
C) there is a greater concentration of potassium ions outside the cell membrane than inside the membrane. 
D) there is a greater concentration of potassium ions inside the cell membrane than outside the membrane. 
A) the region inside the cell membrane contains more positive ions than the region outside the membrane. 
B) the region inside the cell membrane contains more negative ions than the region outside the membrane. 
C) there is a greater concentration of potassium ions outside the cell membrane than inside the membrane. 
D) there is a greater concentration of potassium ions inside the cell membrane than outside the membrane.

Question 4

The two main classes of cell in the nervous system are

Accepted Answer

A) dendrites and axons. 
B) axons and neurons. 
C) neurons and glial cells. 
D) glial cells and dendrites. 
A) dendrites and axons. 
B) axons and neurons. 
C) neurons and glial cells. 
D) glial cells and dendrites.

Question 5

The equilibrium potential is the membrane voltage at which there is no net flow of ions in or out.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Which of the following is a catecholamine?

Accepted Answer

A) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAB
A)  
B) Glutamate 
C) Serotonin 
D) Norepinephrine 
A) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAB
A)  
B) Glutamate 
C) Serotonin 
D) Norepinephrine

Question 7

The primary reason why neurons are refractory for a short period after firing action potentials,and the reason underlying the absolute refractory period,is that the

Accepted Answer

A) voltage-gated sodium channels are inactivated. 
B) voltage-gated potassium channels are inactivated. 
C) sodium-potassium pump has to remove sodium ions from inside the cell. 
D) sodium-potassium pump has to retrieve potassium ions from outside the cell. 
A) voltage-gated sodium channels are inactivated. 
B) voltage-gated potassium channels are inactivated. 
C) sodium-potassium pump has to remove sodium ions from inside the cell. 
D) sodium-potassium pump has to retrieve potassium ions from outside the cell.

Question 8

Consider the synapse shown schematically here.If neuron A causes neuron B to become hyperpolarized relative to B's resting state,

Accepted Answer

A) neuron B is more likely to fire its own action potential. 
B) neuron B is less likely to release neurotransmitter molecules from its own axon terminal. 
C) neuron B is more likely to absorb extracellular potassium through voltage-gated channels. 
D) neuron B is less likely to absorb extracellular sodium through the sodium-potassium pump. 
A) neuron B is more likely to fire its own action potential. 
B) neuron B is less likely to release neurotransmitter molecules from its own axon terminal. 
C) neuron B is more likely to absorb extracellular potassium through voltage-gated channels. 
D) neuron B is less likely to absorb extracellular sodium through the sodium-potassium pump.

Question 9

A person with Parkinson's disease experiences severe difficulty in initiating movement due to the depletion of the chemical dopamine in the brain.Injecting dopamine into this person's bloodstream has no effect on the symptoms because

Accepted Answer

A) the body recognizes that the injected dopamine is artificial. 
B) dopamine cannot directly cross the blood-brain barrier into the brain. 
C) myelin insulates neurons from foreign substances in the bloodstream. 
D) this substance cannot be transported into the brain by the sodium-potassium pump. 
A) the body recognizes that the injected dopamine is artificial. 
B) dopamine cannot directly cross the blood-brain barrier into the brain. 
C) myelin insulates neurons from foreign substances in the bloodstream. 
D) this substance cannot be transported into the brain by the sodium-potassium pump.

Question 10

The role of calcium ions (Ca²⁺)in synaptic transmission is to

Accepted Answer

A) bind neurotransmitter molecules to the postsynaptic membrane. 
B) mediate the release of neurotransmitter molecules from the presynaptic neuron. 
C) repolarize the postsynaptic cell after transmission has been completed. 
D) increase the activity of the sodium-potassium pumps in the presynaptic cell. 
A) bind neurotransmitter molecules to the postsynaptic membrane. 
B) mediate the release of neurotransmitter molecules from the presynaptic neuron. 
C) repolarize the postsynaptic cell after transmission has been completed. 
D) increase the activity of the sodium-potassium pumps in the presynaptic cell.

Question 11

The Nernst and Goldman equations are used to calculate the

Accepted Answer

A) resistance of a membrane as a function of the ions embedded within the lipid bilayer. 
B) current generated by an action potential as a function of the concentrations of Na+ and K+. 
C) voltage across a membrane as a function of ion concentrations inside and outside the cell. 
D) length constant,or the distance over which an electrotonic current diminishes to a third of its original magnitude. 
A) resistance of a membrane as a function of the ions embedded within the lipid bilayer. 
B) current generated by an action potential as a function of the concentrations of Na+ and K+. 
C) voltage across a membrane as a function of ion concentrations inside and outside the cell. 
D) length constant,or the distance over which an electrotonic current diminishes to a third of its original magnitude.

Question 12

You insert a microelectrode into the axon of a neuron and inject positive current while also measuring the membrane potential at a distance of TWO length constants from the site of current injection.If the neuron's potential crosses its threshold,this voltage measurement will be

Accepted Answer

A) 1/3 of the value at the injection site. 
B) 2/3 of the value at the injection site. 
C) 1/9 of the value at the injection site. 
D) the same as the value at the injection site. 
A) 1/3 of the value at the injection site. 
B) 2/3 of the value at the injection site. 
C) 1/9 of the value at the injection site. 
D) the same as the value at the injection site.

Question 13

The building blocks of the ion channels in cell membranes are

Accepted Answer

A) lipids. 
B) amino acids. 
C) sodium ions. 
D) potassium ions. 
A) lipids. 
B) amino acids. 
C) sodium ions. 
D) potassium ions.

Question 14

The ease with which a cell membrane will permit ions to cross it is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A) the concentration gradient. 
B) permeability. 
C) the action potential. 
D) conductivity. 
A) the concentration gradient. 
B) permeability. 
C) the action potential. 
D) conductivity.

Question 15

The ________ structure of a protein refers to how chains of amino acids coil to form characteristic patterns such as the alpha-helix.

Accepted Answer

A) primary 
B) secondary 
C) tertiary 
D) quaternary 
A) primary 
B) secondary 
C) tertiary 
D) quaternary

Question 16

The resting potential of a neuron is typically +40 to +90 millivolts (mV).

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

In the nervous system,these cells provide structural support and insulation for neurons.

Accepted Answer

A) Glia 
B) Dendrites 
C) Mitochondria 
D) Purkinje cells 
A) Glia 
B) Dendrites 
C) Mitochondria 
D) Purkinje cells

Question 18

You insert a microelectrode into the axon of a neuron and inject positive current while also measuring the membrane potential at a distance of TWO length constants from the site of current injection.If the neuron does not reach its threshold,this voltage measurement will be about

Accepted Answer

A) 1/3 of the value at the injection site. 
B) 2/3 of the value at the injection site. 
C) 1/9 of the value at the injection site. 
D) the same as the value at the injection site. 
A) 1/3 of the value at the injection site. 
B) 2/3 of the value at the injection site. 
C) 1/9 of the value at the injection site. 
D) the same as the value at the injection site.

Question 19

During electrotonic,or decremental,conduction,the distance covered by an ionic current will be affected by all of the following factors EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) the amplitude of the original current. 
B) the resistance of the neuronal membrane. 
C) the frequency of action potential generation. 
D) the conductivity of the intracellular and extracellular fluid. 
A) the amplitude of the original current. 
B) the resistance of the neuronal membrane. 
C) the frequency of action potential generation. 
D) the conductivity of the intracellular and extracellular fluid.

Question 20

The amplitude of an action potential is directly proportional to the size of the initial depolarization that produced it.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis disrupt normal neural communication by

In myelinated axons,action potentials are generated

If you were to insert a microelectrode through the cell membrane of a neuron,you would be able to demonstrate that

The two main classes of cell in the nervous system are

The equilibrium potential is the membrane voltage at which there is no net flow of ions in or out.

Which of the following is a catecholamine?

The primary reason why neurons are refractory for a short period after firing action potentials,and the reason underlying the absolute refractory period,is that the

Consider the synapse shown schematically here.If neuron A causes neuron B to become hyperpolarized relative to B's resting state,

A person with Parkinson's disease experiences severe difficulty in initiating movement due to the depletion of the chemical dopamine in the brain.Injecting dopamine into this person's bloodstream has no effect on the symptoms because

The role of calcium ions (Ca²⁺)in synaptic transmission is to

The Nernst and Goldman equations are used to calculate the

You insert a microelectrode into the axon of a neuron and inject positive current while also measuring the membrane potential at a distance of TWO length constants from the site of current injection.If the neuron's potential crosses its threshold,this voltage measurement will be

The building blocks of the ion channels in cell membranes are

The ease with which a cell membrane will permit ions to cross it is referred to as

The ________ structure of a protein refers to how chains of amino acids coil to form characteristic patterns such as the alpha-helix.

The resting potential of a neuron is typically +40 to +90 millivolts (mV).

In the nervous system,these cells provide structural support and insulation for neurons.

You insert a microelectrode into the axon of a neuron and inject positive current while also measuring the membrane potential at a distance of TWO length constants from the site of current injection.If the neuron does not reach its threshold,this voltage measurement will be about

During electrotonic,or decremental,conduction,the distance covered by an ionic current will be affected by all of the following factors EXCEPT

The amplitude of an action potential is directly proportional to the size of the initial depolarization that produced it.

A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience

Neuroanatomy and Development

Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience

Sensation and Perception

Object Recognition

The Control of Action

Learning and Memory

Emotion

Language

Hemispheric Specialization

Attention and Consciousness

Cognitive Control

Social Cognition

Evolutionary Perspectives

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Exam 2: Cellular Mechanisms and Cognition

Demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis disrupt normal neural communication by

In myelinated axons,action potentials are generated

If you were to insert a microelectrode through the cell membrane of a neuron,you would be able to demonstrate that

The two main classes of cell in the nervous system are

The equilibrium potential is the membrane voltage at which there is no net flow of ions in or out.

Which of the following is a catecholamine?

The primary reason why neurons are refractory for a short period after firing action potentials,and the reason underlying the absolute refractory period,is that the

Consider the synapse shown schematically here.If neuron A causes neuron B to become hyperpolarized relative to B's resting state,

A person with Parkinson's disease experiences severe difficulty in initiating movement due to the depletion of the chemical dopamine in the brain.Injecting dopamine into this person's bloodstream has no effect on the symptoms because

The role of calcium ions (Ca²⁺)in synaptic transmission is to

The Nernst and Goldman equations are used to calculate the

You insert a microelectrode into the axon of a neuron and inject positive current while also measuring the membrane potential at a distance of TWO length constants from the site of current injection.If the neuron's potential crosses its threshold,this voltage measurement will be

The building blocks of the ion channels in cell membranes are

The ease with which a cell membrane will permit ions to cross it is referred to as

The ________ structure of a protein refers to how chains of amino acids coil to form characteristic patterns such as the alpha-helix.

The resting potential of a neuron is typically +40 to +90 millivolts (mV).

In the nervous system,these cells provide structural support and insulation for neurons.

You insert a microelectrode into the axon of a neuron and inject positive current while also measuring the membrane potential at a distance of TWO length constants from the site of current injection.If the neuron does not reach its threshold,this voltage measurement will be about

During electrotonic,or decremental,conduction,the distance covered by an ionic current will be affected by all of the following factors EXCEPT

The amplitude of an action potential is directly proportional to the size of the initial depolarization that produced it.

A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience

Neuroanatomy and Development

Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience

Sensation and Perception

Object Recognition

The Control of Action

Learning and Memory

Emotion

Language

Hemispheric Specialization

Attention and Consciousness

Cognitive Control

Social Cognition

Evolutionary Perspectives

Filters