Exam 9: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

When shown a LEGO structure made to look like a crayon, 3-year-old Astrid said that the object "really and truly" was a crayon. Astrid is having trouble with

Three-year-old Audrey is presented with a picture-matching problem, "Play dough is to cut-up play dough as a loaf of bread is to . . . ?" Which answer is Audrey is most likely to select?

Scripts

Compared with typically developing children, children with autism

Three-year-old Rachael could not solve a conservation-of-liquid task because she focused on the height of the water. Rachael's thinking is characterized by

Sustained attention typically begins to improve in toddlerhood because children's ability to __________ improves.

In a conservation-of-liquid problem, young children ignore the dynamic transformation of the liquid when they

Preschoolers become better at __________ by following directions for playing games and cooking from recipes.

Studies on computer use in early childhood demonstrate that

Three-year-olds Artie and Kurt had identical boxes of raisins at snack time. When Kurt poured his raisins out onto the table, Artie was sure that Kurt had more raisins. This demonstrates that Artie lacks

After a trip to the zoo, 4-year-old Jaden is able to remember the animals he saw and the context in which he saw them. This is an example of

In early pretending, toddlers

Explain how adults can foster preschoolers' language development.

Eighteen-month-old Jazmin is offered sets of animal crackers. Each set contains 1, 2, or 4 crackers. Jazmin consistently picks the set with the most pieces, displaying a beginning grasp of

For Piaget, the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking is

Vygotsky regarded make-believe play as an important source of cognitive development because it

Four-year-old Marly is playing with her toy cars. She favors the blue car, but plays with the green car for at least a few minutes. She says, "I don't want the green one to get lonely." This is an example of

Five-year-old Matthew and 6-year-old Jessica like to pretend that they live or work in a zoo. Often, Matthew will pretend to be an animal, such as an elephant and Jessica will pretend to be the zookeeper. This is an example of __________ play.

Children's creation of _________________ was once viewed as a sign of maladjustment, but current research challenges this assumption.

During a conservation-of-liquid task, when asked why he thinks there is more water in the taller glass, 5-year-old Gus points out that the water level is higher in the taller glass than in the shorter glass but neglects to mention that this change in height is compensated by changes in width. This example demonstrates a limitation of preoperational thought known as