Question 1

What is spontaneous recovery?

Accepted Answer

A)  The return of a previously extinguished CR in response to the CS after a period of rest 
B)  The gradual appearance of the CR in response to the CS 
C)  The loss of the CR caused by repeated presentation of the CS without the US 
D)  A CR to stimuli that are similar, but not exactly identical, to the CS used in training 
A)  The return of a previously extinguished CR in response to the CS after a period of rest 
B)  The gradual appearance of the CR in response to the CS 
C)  The loss of the CR caused by repeated presentation of the CS without the US 
D)  A CR to stimuli that are similar, but not exactly identical, to the CS used in training A

Question 2

Suppose you have been conditioned to blink your eyes each time an experimenter sounds a buzzer. Art some point, the experimenter says the word "buzz" before sounding the buzzer. Eventually, you will learn to blink your eyes when the experimenter simply says the word "buzz"-even if the buzzer is not sounded. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  habituation. 
B)  extinction. 
C)  stimulus generalization. 
D)  second-order conditioning. 
A)  habituation. 
B)  extinction. 
C)  stimulus generalization. 
D)  second-order conditioning. D

Question 3

_______ learning occurs when the subject has learned something but does not demonstrate it right away.

Accepted Answer

A)  Observational 
B)  Social 
C)  Non-associative 
D)  Latent 
A)  Observational 
B)  Social 
C)  Non-associative 
D)  Latent D

Question 4

You wake up thirsty in the middle of the night and walk to the kitchen to get a drink without turning on the light. You are able to successfully make your way through the dark house, thanks to

Accepted Answer

A)  a continuous reinforcement schedule. 
B)  active avoidance. 
C)  a cognitive map. 
D)  shaping. 
A)  a continuous reinforcement schedule. 
B)  active avoidance. 
C)  a cognitive map. 
D)  shaping.

Question 5

Robyn's mother shows her how to cut hearts from construction paper. No matter how hard Robyn tries, she cannot cut the paper correctly. Bandura would say that Robyn's attempts failed because she was not

Accepted Answer

A)  paying close enough attention. 
B)  able to remember how to cut the hearts. 
C)  able to reproduce the behavior. 
D)  sufficiently motivated to cut the hearts. 
A)  paying close enough attention. 
B)  able to remember how to cut the hearts. 
C)  able to reproduce the behavior. 
D)  sufficiently motivated to cut the hearts.

Question 6

From the following, identify the best summary of the law of effect.

Accepted Answer

A)  If an individual has learned a response to a particular conditioned stimulus, he or she will tend to respond in the same way to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus. 
B)  If a response is followed by a pleasant consequence, it will tend to be repeated; if a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated. 
C)  Repeated presentation of the same stimulus tends to elicit a progressively weaker response. 
D)  An unconditioned stimulus is one that automatically triggers a response when presented. 
A)  If an individual has learned a response to a particular conditioned stimulus, he or she will tend to respond in the same way to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus. 
B)  If a response is followed by a pleasant consequence, it will tend to be repeated; if a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated. 
C)  Repeated presentation of the same stimulus tends to elicit a progressively weaker response. 
D)  An unconditioned stimulus is one that automatically triggers a response when presented.

Question 7

Two groups of subjects are asked to work their way through a maze. Group 1 is allowed to view the maze from 15 feet above before beginning; Group 2 is given a practice run through the maze before beginning. Predict the performance of the groups.

Accepted Answer

A)  Group 1 will be just as capable of working their way through the maze as Group 2. 
B)  Group 1 will be less capable of working their way through the maze as Group 2. 
C)  Forming a mental representation of the layout of the maze will likely confuse most people in Group 1 because people tend to learn best by doing, not thinking. 
D)  The ability to form accurate mental representations of the layout of the maze will be difficult for most people in Group 1, so they will likely perform very badly on this task. 
A)  Group 1 will be just as capable of working their way through the maze as Group 2. 
B)  Group 1 will be less capable of working their way through the maze as Group 2. 
C)  Forming a mental representation of the layout of the maze will likely confuse most people in Group 1 because people tend to learn best by doing, not thinking. 
D)  The ability to form accurate mental representations of the layout of the maze will be difficult for most people in Group 1, so they will likely perform very badly on this task.

Question 8

Andre was unable to make a paper airplane until he watched his cousin Miriam make a few. Now Andre can fold his own paper airplanes. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  second-order conditioning. 
B)  observational learning. 
C)  insight. 
D)  operant conditioning. 
A)  second-order conditioning. 
B)  observational learning. 
C)  insight. 
D)  operant conditioning.

Question 9

Social monitoring, or social _______, occurs when an individual observes the consequences of someone else's behavior to guide their own behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Social monitoring, or social _______, occurs when...

Question 10

To stop coyotes from attacking and devouring his sheep, a rancher kills one of the flock, laces its body with chemicals that produce nausea, and leaves the sheep out for the coyotes to find and eat. In this case, the rancher is applying the research of

Accepted Answer

A)  John Garcia. 
B)  Ivan Pavlov. 
C)  Konrad Lorenz. 
D)  Robert Rescorla. 
A)  John Garcia. 
B)  Ivan Pavlov. 
C)  Konrad Lorenz. 
D)  Robert Rescorla.

Question 11

Behaviorists were especially critical of Edward Tolman's research because it seemed to indicate that learning could occur

Accepted Answer

A)  after just a single trial. 
B)  without reinforcement. 
C)  without any cognitive functioning. 
D)  only after months of effort. 
A)  after just a single trial. 
B)  without reinforcement. 
C)  without any cognitive functioning. 
D)  only after months of effort.

Question 12

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the graph below.
   
In an experiment, rats were placed in a complex maze with several one-way doors so that a rat wandering around would eventually reach the goal box. When a rat reached the goal box, it was returned to its home cage. This was repeated for several days.
Rats were assigned to one of three groups:
• Group 1 was provided food in the goal box every day.
• Group 2 was provided food in the goal box beginning on the 11th day.
• Group 3 was never provided food in the goal box.
Researchers measured how many errors the rats made across trials on the way to the goal box. Results are shown in the graph.
-According to the data in the graph,

Accepted Answer

A)  rats that were never given food made the fewest number of errors as they navigated through the maze. 
B)  rats in all three groups learned to navigate through the maze at the same level of proficiency. 
C)  rats receiving food in the goal box from the beginning quickly learned to go there with few errors. 
D)  rats that were never given food eventually gave up trying to find their way through the maze. 
A)  rats that were never given food made the fewest number of errors as they navigated through the maze. 
B)  rats in all three groups learned to navigate through the maze at the same level of proficiency. 
C)  rats receiving food in the goal box from the beginning quickly learned to go there with few errors. 
D)  rats that were never given food eventually gave up trying to find their way through the maze.

Question 13

Your sister watches a video about how to rewire a lamp, then tries to rewire one, herself. Her lamp still doesn't work. She goes back over the steps and finds that she did not connect one of the socket wires. Which of Bandura's criteria for observational learning failed?

Accepted Answer

A)  Attention 
B)  Memory 
C)  Referencing 
D)  Motivation 
A)  Attention 
B)  Memory 
C)  Referencing 
D)  Motivation

Question 14

In an experiment, rats were given sweetened water and then given something that induced nausea. Because of conditioned taste aversion, the rats

Accepted Answer

A)  began to salivate every time they smelled the sweetened water. 
B)  refused to drink any water at all. 
C)  avoided the sweetened water. 
D)  refused to drink anything except sweetened water. 
A)  began to salivate every time they smelled the sweetened water. 
B)  refused to drink any water at all. 
C)  avoided the sweetened water. 
D)  refused to drink anything except sweetened water.

Question 15

A stimulus is

Accepted Answer

A)  something that is relatively long lasting. 
B)  any sensory event that an individual can detect. 
C)  anything that begins the process of learning. 
D)  any mental or physical activity that moves an individual to action. 
A)  something that is relatively long lasting. 
B)  any sensory event that an individual can detect. 
C)  anything that begins the process of learning. 
D)  any mental or physical activity that moves an individual to action.

Question 16

Behaviorists were particularly skeptical of Edward Tolman's research because it seemed to indicate that learning could take place even in the absence of

Accepted Answer

A)  habituation. 
B)  reinforcement. 
C)  modeling. 
D)  imitation. 
A)  habituation. 
B)  reinforcement. 
C)  modeling. 
D)  imitation.

Question 17

Suppose you have a phobia of flying. How might classical conditioning be used to help you overcome your phobia?

Accepted Answer

A)  You should avoid flying for a long period of time; this will eventually extinguish your phobia. 
B)  You should associate flying with something pleasurable in order to reduce your fear. 
C)  You need to address the unresolved conflicts in your life that are contributing to your phobia. 
D)  You should eat something that induces nausea shortly before flying; the discomfort from the nausea will overpower your fear of flying. 
A)  You should avoid flying for a long period of time; this will eventually extinguish your phobia. 
B)  You should associate flying with something pleasurable in order to reduce your fear. 
C)  You need to address the unresolved conflicts in your life that are contributing to your phobia. 
D)  You should eat something that induces nausea shortly before flying; the discomfort from the nausea will overpower your fear of flying.

Question 18

A phobia is the

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus that naturally evokes a specific response. 
B)  gradual appearance of the CR in response to the CS. 
C)  sudden return of a response that had formerly been extinguished. 
D)  irrational fear of particular objects or situations. 
A)  stimulus that naturally evokes a specific response. 
B)  gradual appearance of the CR in response to the CS. 
C)  sudden return of a response that had formerly been extinguished. 
D)  irrational fear of particular objects or situations.

Question 19

Which of the following best demonstrates sensory adaptation?

Accepted Answer

A)  A week after moving into an apartment near railroad tracks, you no longer notice when a train passes. 
B)  After attending a loud rock concert, your hearing is temporarily impaired. 
C)  Unless they think about it, long-time workers at a bakery do not notice the aroma of bread baking in the oven. 
D)  A clerk in a bookstore no longer looks up when the bell rings each time a customer comes in. 
A)  A week after moving into an apartment near railroad tracks, you no longer notice when a train passes. 
B)  After attending a loud rock concert, your hearing is temporarily impaired. 
C)  Unless they think about it, long-time workers at a bakery do not notice the aroma of bread baking in the oven. 
D)  A clerk in a bookstore no longer looks up when the bell rings each time a customer comes in.

Question 20

You accidentally break off the pull tab when attempting to open a can of soup. You are about to reach for another can when it occurs to you that you can use a regular can opener. You have just demonstrated

Accepted Answer

A)  acquisition. 
B)  shaping. 
C)  the law of effect. 
D)  insight. 
A)  acquisition. 
B)  shaping. 
C)  the law of effect. 
D)  insight.

What is spontaneous recovery?

_______ learning occurs when the subject has learned something but does not demonstrate it right away.

You wake up thirsty in the middle of the night and walk to the kitchen to get a drink without turning on the light. You are able to successfully make your way through the dark house, thanks to

Robyn's mother shows her how to cut hearts from construction paper. No matter how hard Robyn tries, she cannot cut the paper correctly. Bandura would say that Robyn's attempts failed because she was not

From the following, identify the best summary of the law of effect.

Two groups of subjects are asked to work their way through a maze. Group 1 is allowed to view the maze from 15 feet above before beginning; Group 2 is given a practice run through the maze before beginning. Predict the performance of the groups.

Andre was unable to make a paper airplane until he watched his cousin Miriam make a few. Now Andre can fold his own paper airplanes. This is an example of

Social monitoring, or social _______, occurs when an individual observes the consequences of someone else's behavior to guide their own behavior.

To stop coyotes from attacking and devouring his sheep, a rancher kills one of the flock, laces its body with chemicals that produce nausea, and leaves the sheep out for the coyotes to find and eat. In this case, the rancher is applying the research of

Behaviorists were especially critical of Edward Tolman's research because it seemed to indicate that learning could occur

Your sister watches a video about how to rewire a lamp, then tries to rewire one, herself. Her lamp still doesn't work. She goes back over the steps and finds that she did not connect one of the socket wires. Which of Bandura's criteria for observational learning failed?

In an experiment, rats were given sweetened water and then given something that induced nausea. Because of conditioned taste aversion, the rats

A stimulus is

Behaviorists were particularly skeptical of Edward Tolman's research because it seemed to indicate that learning could take place even in the absence of

Suppose you have a phobia of flying. How might classical conditioning be used to help you overcome your phobia?

A phobia is the

Which of the following best demonstrates sensory adaptation?

You accidentally break off the pull tab when attempting to open a can of soup. You are about to reach for another can when it occurs to you that you can use a regular can opener. You have just demonstrated

Introduction: Principles of Psychology

Psychology As a Science

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Exam 8: Learning

What is spontaneous recovery?

_______ learning occurs when the subject has learned something but does not demonstrate it right away.

You wake up thirsty in the middle of the night and walk to the kitchen to get a drink without turning on the light. You are able to successfully make your way through the dark house, thanks to

Robyn's mother shows her how to cut hearts from construction paper. No matter how hard Robyn tries, she cannot cut the paper correctly. Bandura would say that Robyn's attempts failed because she was not

From the following, identify the best summary of the law of effect.

Two groups of subjects are asked to work their way through a maze. Group 1 is allowed to view the maze from 15 feet above before beginning; Group 2 is given a practice run through the maze before beginning. Predict the performance of the groups.

Andre was unable to make a paper airplane until he watched his cousin Miriam make a few. Now Andre can fold his own paper airplanes. This is an example of

Social monitoring, or social _______, occurs when an individual observes the consequences of someone else's behavior to guide their own behavior.

To stop coyotes from attacking and devouring his sheep, a rancher kills one of the flock, laces its body with chemicals that produce nausea, and leaves the sheep out for the coyotes to find and eat. In this case, the rancher is applying the research of

Behaviorists were especially critical of Edward Tolman's research because it seemed to indicate that learning could occur

Your sister watches a video about how to rewire a lamp, then tries to rewire one, herself. Her lamp still doesn't work. She goes back over the steps and finds that she did not connect one of the socket wires. Which of Bandura's criteria for observational learning failed?

In an experiment, rats were given sweetened water and then given something that induced nausea. Because of conditioned taste aversion, the rats

A stimulus is

Behaviorists were particularly skeptical of Edward Tolman's research because it seemed to indicate that learning could take place even in the absence of

Suppose you have a phobia of flying. How might classical conditioning be used to help you overcome your phobia?

A phobia is the

Which of the following best demonstrates sensory adaptation?

You accidentally break off the pull tab when attempting to open a can of soup. You are about to reach for another can when it occurs to you that you can use a regular can opener. You have just demonstrated

Introduction: Principles of Psychology

Psychology As a Science

The Neuroscience of Behavior

Genes, Environment, and Behavior

Developmental Psychology

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness

Memory

Language and Cognition

Intelligence

Motivation and the Regulation of Behavior

Emotions, Stress, and Health

Personality

Social Psychology

Clinical Psychology

Filters