Question 1

Identify three different sampling methods. Explain when you would use each one.

Accepted Answer

Convenient samples are useful if you need participants fast and do not necessarily need or have resources for a representative sample.
Online samples are cheap, fast and quick ways to collect data, but limits the types of methods you are able to use because the participants do not come into the lab.
Stratified random sampling is a great way to get a representative sample based on certain traits because you have homogeneous groups that you are recruiting from.

Question 2

Which of the following pieces of information can only be detected using a retrospective power analysis, and not in a prospective power analysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  If your sample size is large enough. 
B)  If the effect size is smaller than theorized. 
C)  If the effect is actually real. 
D)  If the findings are statistically significant. 
A)  If your sample size is large enough. 
B)  If the effect size is smaller than theorized. 
C)  If the effect is actually real. 
D)  If the findings are statistically significant. A

Question 3

It is generally a good idea to pay participants as much as you can afford because then they feel incentivized to participate and stay in your study.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

In the history of psychological science, power has always been over emphasized, partly because underpowered studies never get published.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Ordinal scales are often best analyzed with _______________ tests, even though they are sometimes treated as _________________ in the case of Likert scales. Nominal scales are best analyzed with ________________ tests.

Accepted Answer

A)  non-parametric; interval scales; parametric 
B)  parametric; nominal scales; non-parametric 
C)  non-parametric; interval scales; non-parametric 
D)  non-parametric; nominal scales; parametric 
A)  non-parametric; interval scales; parametric 
B)  parametric; nominal scales; non-parametric 
C)  non-parametric; interval scales; non-parametric 
D)  non-parametric; nominal scales; parametric

Question 6

If you do not have an expected effect size for your research, it can be difficult to conduct a prospective power analysis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Which of the following statements regarding scales of measurement is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  From a statistical sense, ordinal and nominal scales produce data that are usually less powerful than interval and ratio scales do. 
B)  Ordinal and nominal scales produce data that are always less valid than interval and ratio scales do. 
C)  Ordinal and nominal scales are analyzed using non-parametric statistical analyses whereas interval and ratio data are analyzed using parametric statistical analyses. 
D)  Interval and ratio scales always contain properties of ordinal scales. 
A)  From a statistical sense, ordinal and nominal scales produce data that are usually less powerful than interval and ratio scales do. 
B)  Ordinal and nominal scales produce data that are always less valid than interval and ratio scales do. 
C)  Ordinal and nominal scales are analyzed using non-parametric statistical analyses whereas interval and ratio data are analyzed using parametric statistical analyses. 
D)  Interval and ratio scales always contain properties of ordinal scales.

Question 8

Explain what statistical power is, identify two types of power analyses and why you might choose one over the other.

Accepted Answer

Statistical power refers to the ability

Question 9

The benefit of a large effect is that…

Accepted Answer

A)  it requires a less representative sample to be detected. 
B)  it requires less power be detected. 
C)  it requires more power but fewer participants to be detected. 
D)  it requires lower power but more participants to be detected. 
A)  it requires a less representative sample to be detected. 
B)  it requires less power be detected. 
C)  it requires more power but fewer participants to be detected. 
D)  it requires lower power but more participants to be detected.

Question 10

What is the main reason why experiments in psychology don't usually involve the entire population of interest?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is impractical to study the entire population. 
B)  Researchers often have difficulty defining their population. 
C)  Statistical methods only deal with samples and are not equipped to analyze data from entire populations. 
D)  Since statistical methods allow us to draw inferences about a population from our sample, it is unethical to study the entire population. 
A)  It is impractical to study the entire population. 
B)  Researchers often have difficulty defining their population. 
C)  Statistical methods only deal with samples and are not equipped to analyze data from entire populations. 
D)  Since statistical methods allow us to draw inferences about a population from our sample, it is unethical to study the entire population.

Question 11

With regards to the use of WEIRD samples, what has been proposed as a valid argument for their use?

Accepted Answer

A)  WEIRD samples are convenient, and regardless if they are representative of the true population of adults, we should conduct the research with this type of sample and it is highly likely that the research will result in findings generalizable to the rest of the population 
B)  If the construct and/or measures of interest have been validated across samples of different populations, then it should be okay to use these measures with a WEIRD sample. 
C)  WEIRD samples should be used as a comparison or control group for all cross cultural research because they represent a distinct culture as a baseline. 
D)  WEIRD samples provide a good basis for validating survey measures because they are convenient. This allows researchers to then use the results from this sample and make generalizations and inferences to the general population. 
A)  WEIRD samples are convenient, and regardless if they are representative of the true population of adults, we should conduct the research with this type of sample and it is highly likely that the research will result in findings generalizable to the rest of the population 
B)  If the construct and/or measures of interest have been validated across samples of different populations, then it should be okay to use these measures with a WEIRD sample. 
C)  WEIRD samples should be used as a comparison or control group for all cross cultural research because they represent a distinct culture as a baseline. 
D)  WEIRD samples provide a good basis for validating survey measures because they are convenient. This allows researchers to then use the results from this sample and make generalizations and inferences to the general population.

Question 12

Which of the following describes the best practices with regards to data exploration?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is never a good thing. 
B)  It is always a good thing. 
C)  While some cases can be bad practice, fully disclosing the steps you took in your analyses is always good. 
D)  As long as you describe your steps, you can explore and manipulate our data in anyway you like. 
A)  It is never a good thing. 
B)  It is always a good thing. 
C)  While some cases can be bad practice, fully disclosing the steps you took in your analyses is always good. 
D)  As long as you describe your steps, you can explore and manipulate our data in anyway you like.

Question 13

Conducting a prospective power analysis is considered as data exploration and is often considered questionable practice.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Which of the following differentiates ratio from interval scales?

Accepted Answer

A)  Interval scales have equal intervals between units and ratio scales do not. 
B)  Interval scales have equal intervals between units and ratio scales are rank ordered but do not have equal intervals between units. 
C)  Interval scales have true zeros and ratio scales do not. 
D)  Interval scales do not have true zeros and ratio scales do. 
A)  Interval scales have equal intervals between units and ratio scales do not. 
B)  Interval scales have equal intervals between units and ratio scales are rank ordered but do not have equal intervals between units. 
C)  Interval scales have true zeros and ratio scales do not. 
D)  Interval scales do not have true zeros and ratio scales do.

Question 15

Convenience sampling is an alternative to random sampling that still produces generalizable results to the societal population at large.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Nominal scales are not preferred because there are no statistical tests that can be used on them.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Researchers often select one type of measurement scale (e.g., ratio vs. ordinal) over another. What is not a reason for this?

Accepted Answer

A)  Statistical power 
B)  The topic or subject of interest 
C)  The target population 
D)  The ability to have stronger validity 
A)  Statistical power 
B)  The topic or subject of interest 
C)  The target population 
D)  The ability to have stronger validity

Question 18

Name four steps in designing your research protocol, and discuss the goals of each step.

Accepted Answer

Conduct a power analysis: Identify the n

Question 19

Which of the following is the best alternative to random sampling to achieve a representative sample?

Accepted Answer

A)  Oversampling 
B)  Snowball sampling 
C)  Convenient sampling 
D)  Online sampling 
A)  Oversampling 
B)  Snowball sampling 
C)  Convenient sampling 
D)  Online sampling

Question 20

What does it mean for a research study to use a random sample?

Accepted Answer

A)  The survey participants are systematically selected on random traits. 
B)  The survey participants are randomly chosen from the population. 
C)  The survey participants are not part of the population of interest. 
D)  The survey participants are self-selected. 
A)  The survey participants are systematically selected on random traits. 
B)  The survey participants are randomly chosen from the population. 
C)  The survey participants are not part of the population of interest. 
D)  The survey participants are self-selected.

Identify three different sampling methods. Explain when you would use each one.

Which of the following pieces of information can only be detected using a retrospective power analysis, and not in a prospective power analysis?

It is generally a good idea to pay participants as much as you can afford because then they feel incentivized to participate and stay in your study.

In the history of psychological science, power has always been over emphasized, partly because underpowered studies never get published.

Ordinal scales are often best analyzed with _______ tests, even though they are sometimes treated as _ in the case of Likert scales. Nominal scales are best analyzed with ________ tests.

If you do not have an expected effect size for your research, it can be difficult to conduct a prospective power analysis.

Which of the following statements regarding scales of measurement is false?

Explain what statistical power is, identify two types of power analyses and why you might choose one over the other.

The benefit of a large effect is that…

What is the main reason why experiments in psychology don't usually involve the entire population of interest?

With regards to the use of WEIRD samples, what has been proposed as a valid argument for their use?

Which of the following describes the best practices with regards to data exploration?

Conducting a prospective power analysis is considered as data exploration and is often considered questionable practice.

Which of the following differentiates ratio from interval scales?

Convenience sampling is an alternative to random sampling that still produces generalizable results to the societal population at large.

Nominal scales are not preferred because there are no statistical tests that can be used on them.

Researchers often select one type of measurement scale (e.g., ratio vs. ordinal) over another. What is not a reason for this?

Name four steps in designing your research protocol, and discuss the goals of each step.

Which of the following is the best alternative to random sampling to achieve a representative sample?

What does it mean for a research study to use a random sample?

Introduction to Research Methods

The Ethical Imperative

Negotiating the Institutional Review Board Process

Starting Your Research

Focusing Your Question and Choosing a Design

Survey and Interview Approaches

Experimental Designs

Variations on Experimental Designs

Observation, Case Studies, Archival Research, and Meta-Analysis

Neuroscience Methods

Research Over Age and Time

Analyzing Your Data I: an Overview

Analyzing Your Data II: Specific Approaches

Writing up Your Results

Publishing Your Research

Filters

Exam 6: Developing Your Research Protocol

Identify three different sampling methods. Explain when you would use each one.

Which of the following pieces of information can only be detected using a retrospective power analysis, and not in a prospective power analysis?

It is generally a good idea to pay participants as much as you can afford because then they feel incentivized to participate and stay in your study.

In the history of psychological science, power has always been over emphasized, partly because underpowered studies never get published.

Ordinal scales are often best analyzed with _______________ tests, even though they are sometimes treated as _________________ in the case of Likert scales. Nominal scales are best analyzed with ________________ tests.

If you do not have an expected effect size for your research, it can be difficult to conduct a prospective power analysis.

Which of the following statements regarding scales of measurement is false?

Explain what statistical power is, identify two types of power analyses and why you might choose one over the other.

The benefit of a large effect is that…

What is the main reason why experiments in psychology don't usually involve the entire population of interest?

With regards to the use of WEIRD samples, what has been proposed as a valid argument for their use?

Which of the following describes the best practices with regards to data exploration?

Conducting a prospective power analysis is considered as data exploration and is often considered questionable practice.

Which of the following differentiates ratio from interval scales?

Convenience sampling is an alternative to random sampling that still produces generalizable results to the societal population at large.

Nominal scales are not preferred because there are no statistical tests that can be used on them.

Researchers often select one type of measurement scale (e.g., ratio vs. ordinal) over another. What is not a reason for this?

Name four steps in designing your research protocol, and discuss the goals of each step.

Which of the following is the best alternative to random sampling to achieve a representative sample?

What does it mean for a research study to use a random sample?

Introduction to Research Methods

The Ethical Imperative

Negotiating the Institutional Review Board Process

Starting Your Research

Focusing Your Question and Choosing a Design

Survey and Interview Approaches

Experimental Designs

Variations on Experimental Designs

Observation, Case Studies, Archival Research, and Meta-Analysis

Neuroscience Methods

Research Over Age and Time

Analyzing Your Data I: an Overview

Analyzing Your Data II: Specific Approaches

Writing up Your Results

Publishing Your Research

Filters

Ordinal scales are often best analyzed with _______ tests, even though they are sometimes treated as _ in the case of Likert scales. Nominal scales are best analyzed with ________ tests.