Question 1

Finding equivalent measures generally means to obtain measures equally valid for different participants in your study.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 2

One weakness of a cross-sectional design is that they could have a difficult time distinguishing between different possible reasons that cause differences between age groups, including cohort effects.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

Cross-sectional designs tend to overestimate variability within an age group.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

Researchers using a cross-sectional design generally do not need to worry about determining appropriate sampling intervals between time points.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Cross-sectional designs can test directly for cohort effects.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

The outcome of not having equivalent measures across two age groups is that…

Accepted Answer

A)  one age group will always be at ceiling. 
B)  one age group will be always at floor while the other will be at ceiling. 
C)  the results are not valid but you might not be able to detect this. 
D)  the results are not valid, but are still reliable. 
A)  one age group will always be at ceiling. 
B)  one age group will be always at floor while the other will be at ceiling. 
C)  the results are not valid but you might not be able to detect this. 
D)  the results are not valid, but are still reliable.

Question 7

Cross-sectional designs generally take the longest to complete, compared to microgenetic and longitudinal.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

based on the abstract from a 1994 issue of Journal of Counseling and Development. The authors of the paper examined factors that predicted continued enrollment and academic standing in college students. Instructors are advised to use the reference below to retrieve the original abstract for their use.
Gerdes, H., & Mallinckrodt, B. (1994). Emotional, social, and academic adjustment of college students: A longitudinal study of retention. Journal of Counseling and Development: JCD, 72(3), 281.
-If the researchers had instead only recruited individuals who had dropped out and those who showed strong academic achievement as their participants and taken measures of emotional and social adjustment just once to compare their differences, this would suggest that…

Accepted Answer

A)  the researchers used a longitudinal design and likely used more resources. 
B)  the researchers used a cross-sectional design and likely used fewer resources. 
C)  the researchers used a cross-sequential design and used fewer resources. 
D)  the researchers used a cross-sectional design and likely used more resources. 
A)  the researchers used a longitudinal design and likely used more resources. 
B)  the researchers used a cross-sectional design and likely used fewer resources. 
C)  the researchers used a cross-sequential design and used fewer resources. 
D)  the researchers used a cross-sectional design and likely used more resources.

Question 9

Describe what a microgenetic design is, and discuss one strength and one weakness.

Accepted Answer

A microgenetic design recruits a sample

Question 10

Maturation is generally a catchall term for development, aging, learning, and change over time.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

A cross-sequential design incorporates aspects of both microgenetic and longitudinal designs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Describe three challenges that developmental research faces

Accepted Answer

One challenge is determining underlying

Question 13

Which of the following are a potential weakness or potential confound with using a longitudinal design?

Accepted Answer

A)  Trouble identifying underlying processes of change 
B)  Ability to detect change over time in at least two time points 
C)  Underestimating variability within age groups 
D)  Potential subject attrition 
A)  Trouble identifying underlying processes of change 
B)  Ability to detect change over time in at least two time points 
C)  Underestimating variability within age groups 
D)  Potential subject attrition

Question 14

Which of the following descriptions about research on topics related to change-over-time is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Maturation is generally used to refer to issues related to one's experiences. whereas development is used to refer to only genetic influences on change. 
B)  Maturation is generally used to refer to issues related to one's genetic makeup, whereas development is a broader umbrella term. 
C)  Learning is generally used to refer to issues related to experience and maturation is generally used to refer to only issues related to the latter portion of one's life (adulthood through death). 
D)  Development is a broad umbrella term for learning and maturation that does not include aging. 
A)  Maturation is generally used to refer to issues related to one's experiences. whereas development is used to refer to only genetic influences on change. 
B)  Maturation is generally used to refer to issues related to one's genetic makeup, whereas development is a broader umbrella term. 
C)  Learning is generally used to refer to issues related to experience and maturation is generally used to refer to only issues related to the latter portion of one's life (adulthood through death). 
D)  Development is a broad umbrella term for learning and maturation that does not include aging.

Question 15

based on the following description:
A team of researchers is interested in the way children's self-esteem changes during puberty and how it relates to parental warmth. They are particularly interested in how self-esteem changes within individuals over time. They recruit a sample of 50 11-year-olds and plan to examine them for the next 6 years.
-One of the researchers is making the argument that they need to determine the frequency at which they obtain data. What is this researcher trying to determine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Generalizability 
B)  Sampling interval 
C)  Equivalent measures 
D)  Repeated sampling 
A)  Generalizability 
B)  Sampling interval 
C)  Equivalent measures 
D)  Repeated sampling

Question 16

Which of the following is not a weakness or confound that comes with using a cross-sectional design?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cohort effects 
B)  Intense use of resource and time 
C)  Finding equivalent measures 
D)  Underestimating of variability within age groups 
A)  Cohort effects 
B)  Intense use of resource and time 
C)  Finding equivalent measures 
D)  Underestimating of variability within age groups

Question 17

based on the following description:
A team of researchers is interested in the way children's self-esteem changes during puberty and how it relates to parental warmth. They are particularly interested in how self-esteem changes within individuals over time. They recruit a sample of 50 11-year-olds and plan to examine them for the next 6 years.
-What kind of design would this be?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cross-sectional 
B)  Cross-sequential 
C)  Longitudinal 
D)  Microgenetic 
A)  Cross-sectional 
B)  Cross-sequential 
C)  Longitudinal 
D)  Microgenetic

Question 18

based on the abstract from a 1994 issue of Journal of Counseling and Development. The authors of the paper examined factors that predicted continued enrollment and academic standing in college students. Instructors are advised to use the reference below to retrieve the original abstract for their use.
Gerdes, H., & Mallinckrodt, B. (1994). Emotional, social, and academic adjustment of college students: A longitudinal study of retention. Journal of Counseling and Development: JCD, 72(3), 281.
-The design of this study is…

Accepted Answer

A)  longitudinal. 
B)  cross-sectional. 
C)  archival. 
D)  cross-sequential. 
A)  longitudinal. 
B)  cross-sectional. 
C)  archival. 
D)  cross-sequential.

Question 19

based on the following description:
A team of researchers is interested in the way children's self-esteem changes during puberty and how it relates to parental warmth. They are particularly interested in how self-esteem changes within individuals over time. They recruit a sample of 50 11-year-olds and plan to examine them for the next 6 years.
-If the researchers need to conduct this research in a shorter period of time, which of the following would be the best option to maintain their ability to answer their research question?

Accepted Answer

A)  Microgenetic design 
B)  Cross-sequential design 
C)  Neuroimaging design 
D)  Cross-sectional design 
A)  Microgenetic design 
B)  Cross-sequential design 
C)  Neuroimaging design 
D)  Cross-sectional design

Question 20

Which type of design recruits multiple age groups and retains these participants over a period of time for repeated testing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cross-sectional 
B)  Cross-sequential 
C)  Longitudinal 
D)  Microgenetic 
A)  Cross-sectional 
B)  Cross-sequential 
C)  Longitudinal 
D)  Microgenetic

Finding equivalent measures generally means to obtain measures equally valid for different participants in your study.

One weakness of a cross-sectional design is that they could have a difficult time distinguishing between different possible reasons that cause differences between age groups, including cohort effects.

Cross-sectional designs tend to overestimate variability within an age group.

Researchers using a cross-sectional design generally do not need to worry about determining appropriate sampling intervals between time points.

Cross-sectional designs can test directly for cohort effects.

The outcome of not having equivalent measures across two age groups is that…

Cross-sectional designs generally take the longest to complete, compared to microgenetic and longitudinal.

Describe what a microgenetic design is, and discuss one strength and one weakness.

Maturation is generally a catchall term for development, aging, learning, and change over time.

A cross-sequential design incorporates aspects of both microgenetic and longitudinal designs.

Describe three challenges that developmental research faces

Which of the following are a potential weakness or potential confound with using a longitudinal design?

Which of the following descriptions about research on topics related to change-over-time is most accurate?

Which of the following is not a weakness or confound that comes with using a cross-sectional design?

Which type of design recruits multiple age groups and retains these participants over a period of time for repeated testing?

Introduction to Research Methods

The Ethical Imperative

Negotiating the Institutional Review Board Process

Starting Your Research

Focusing Your Question and Choosing a Design

Developing Your Research Protocol

Survey and Interview Approaches

Experimental Designs

Variations on Experimental Designs

Observation, Case Studies, Archival Research, and Meta-Analysis

Neuroscience Methods

Analyzing Your Data I: an Overview

Analyzing Your Data II: Specific Approaches

Writing up Your Results

Publishing Your Research

Filters

Exam 12: Research Over Age and Time

Finding equivalent measures generally means to obtain measures equally valid for different participants in your study.

One weakness of a cross-sectional design is that they could have a difficult time distinguishing between different possible reasons that cause differences between age groups, including cohort effects.

Cross-sectional designs tend to overestimate variability within an age group.

Researchers using a cross-sectional design generally do not need to worry about determining appropriate sampling intervals between time points.

Cross-sectional designs can test directly for cohort effects.

The outcome of not having equivalent measures across two age groups is that…

Cross-sectional designs generally take the longest to complete, compared to microgenetic and longitudinal.

Describe what a microgenetic design is, and discuss one strength and one weakness.

Maturation is generally a catchall term for development, aging, learning, and change over time.

A cross-sequential design incorporates aspects of both microgenetic and longitudinal designs.

Describe three challenges that developmental research faces

Which of the following are a potential weakness or potential confound with using a longitudinal design?

Which of the following descriptions about research on topics related to change-over-time is most accurate?

Which of the following is not a weakness or confound that comes with using a cross-sectional design?

Which type of design recruits multiple age groups and retains these participants over a period of time for repeated testing?

Introduction to Research Methods

The Ethical Imperative

Negotiating the Institutional Review Board Process

Starting Your Research

Focusing Your Question and Choosing a Design

Developing Your Research Protocol

Survey and Interview Approaches

Experimental Designs

Variations on Experimental Designs

Observation, Case Studies, Archival Research, and Meta-Analysis

Neuroscience Methods

Analyzing Your Data I: an Overview

Analyzing Your Data II: Specific Approaches

Writing up Your Results

Publishing Your Research

Filters