Exam 9: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

One day during a rainstorm, 4-year-old Isaiah comments to his mother, "The sky is very sad today. We have to do something fun to make it happy again!" Isaiah's belief that it rains because the sky is sad is an example of

Five-year-old Matthew and 6-year-old Jessica like to pretend that they live or work in a zoo. Often, Matthew will pretend to be an animal and Jessica will pretend to be the zookeeper. This is an example of __________ play.

According to __________, preschoolers discover many word meanings by observing how words are used in the structure of sentences.

Which of the following children is the most likely to express disbelief in the Tooth Fairy?

__________, in which adults discuss storybook content with preschoolers, promotes many aspects of language and literacy development.

The Head Start REDI (Research-based Developmentally Informed) program yields higher year-end language, literacy, and social development scores than typical Head Start classrooms because

Seven-year-old Lucia learns much from cultural tools that support __________, such as following directions when playing games with her friends and when she helps her mother cook from recipes.

Which of the following statements best describes a Piagetian classroom?

Make-believe __________ as children realize that agents and recipients of pretend actions can be independent of themselves.

According to Piaget, the most obvious change during the preoperational stage is the increase in

One challenge to Vygotsky's theory is that

Television programs with __________ are associated with improved executive function, greater recall of program content, gains in vocabulary and reading skills, and more elaborate make-believe play.

Six-year-old Demetri and 4-year-old Lucien's mother gave each boy a glass of juice with their lunch, but Demetri asked her to switch the juice to another taller and narrower glass. After she poured the liquid from the original glass into the tall glass, Lucien said angrily, "Now Demetri gets more juice than me!" Lucien is displaying a lack of

Piaget's class inclusion problem demonstrates children's limitations in

Vygotsky regarded make-believe play as

Gains in __________ permit preschoolers to generate increasingly complex play and problem-solving goals.

Preschoolers whose parents offer suggestions, questions, and comments that help the child overcome frustration and sustain direction on a challenging task

By the beginning of early childhood, children's categories include objects that go together because of their common function, behavior, or natural kind. These findings challenge Piaget's assumption that

Greta has just been shown two boxes-a plain, unmarked box full of raisins and a familiar marked raisin box that is empty. Next, Greta is asked to predict where another child will look for raisins. This task assesses Greta's understanding of

Preschoolers' ability to reason about transformations is evident on