Exam 10: Introducing Inference: Estimation From Samples

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The population is the entire set of subjects of interest in any study, and a sample is a portion or subset of the population.

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When the sample size is smaller than 30, the normal distribution is replaced by the t distribution for calculating confidence interval.

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The best way to draw a sample is randomly-each subject should have an equal chance of being selected as part of your sample.

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A 95% confidence interval is sometimes expressed as stating that when drawing many samples, 5% of the times the mean will lie within a confidence interval.

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A confidence interval is defined the range within which the unknown but true population parameter is estimated to lie.

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It is practical to survey the entire population of a city.

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When both variables are categorical, the t-test should be used for hypothesis testing.

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Multivariate statistics involve statistics for three or more variables.

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A normal distribution (Appendix A) A) is an example of a probability distribution.

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The standard deviation of a probability distribution is also called a standard error.

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The Central Limit Theorem is fundamental statistical insight that allows us to make inferences from a single sample to the population.

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When both variables are continuous, simple regression can be used.

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The formula for calculating a confidence interval for samples larger than 30 is . The formula for calculating a confidence interval for samples larger than 30 is .

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The estimation error is the difference between a sample statistic and a population parameter.

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When both variables are continuous, the χ2 test should be used for hypothesis testing.

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We use population parameters to estimate unknown sample statistics.

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Confidence intervals are also calculated for proportions (e.g., polling data)

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A probability distribution is a statistical function which describes all possible values and likelihoods that a variable can take.

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The purpose of inferential statistics is to make inferences about characteristics of the population from which the data were drawn.

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Statistical inference is about drawing conclusions about a population from sample data.

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