Exam 10: Introducing Inference: Estimation From Samples
Exam 1: Why Statistics for Public Managers and Policy Analysts20 Questions
Exam 2: Research Design24 Questions
Exam 3: Conceptualization and Measurement22 Questions
Exam 4: Measuring and Managing Performance: Present and Future21 Questions
Exam 5: Data Collection22 Questions
Exam 6: Central Tendency18 Questions
Exam 7: Measures of Dispersion18 Questions
Exam 8: Contingency Tables16 Questions
Exam 9: Getting Results14 Questions
Exam 10: Introducing Inference: Estimation From Samples20 Questions
Exam 11: Hypothesis Testing With Chi-Square20 Questions
Exam 12: The T-Test20 Questions
Exam 13: Analysis of Variance Anova15 Questions
Exam 14: Simple Regression18 Questions
Exam 15: Multiple Regression29 Questions
Exam 16: Logistic and Time Series Regression21 Questions
Exam 17: Survey of Other Techniques26 Questions
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The population is the entire set of subjects of interest in any study, and a sample is a portion or subset of the population.
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When the sample size is smaller than 30, the normal distribution is replaced by the t distribution for calculating confidence interval.
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The best way to draw a sample is randomly-each subject should have an equal chance of being selected as part of your sample.
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A 95% confidence interval is sometimes expressed as stating that when drawing many samples, 5% of the times the mean will lie within a confidence interval.
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A confidence interval is defined the range within which the unknown but true population parameter is estimated to lie.
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When both variables are categorical, the t-test should be used for hypothesis testing.
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Multivariate statistics involve statistics for three or more variables.
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A normal distribution (Appendix
A) A) is an example of a probability distribution.
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The standard deviation of a probability distribution is also called a standard error.
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The Central Limit Theorem is fundamental statistical insight that allows us to make inferences from a single sample to the population.
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When both variables are continuous, simple regression can be used.
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The formula for calculating a confidence interval for samples larger than 30 is .


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The estimation error is the difference between a sample statistic and a population parameter.
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When both variables are continuous, the χ2 test should be used for hypothesis testing.
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We use population parameters to estimate unknown sample statistics.
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Confidence intervals are also calculated for proportions (e.g., polling data)
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A probability distribution is a statistical function which describes all possible values and likelihoods that a variable can take.
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The purpose of inferential statistics is to make inferences about characteristics of the population from which the data were drawn.
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Statistical inference is about drawing conclusions about a population from sample data.
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