Question 1

In axons, the gap between segments of myelin is called a _______, and it serves to _______ action potential conduction.

Accepted Answer

A)  node of Ranvier; slow down 
B)  oligodendrocyte; slow down 
C)  node of Ranvier; speed up 
D)  oligodendrocyte; speed up 
A)  node of Ranvier; slow down 
B)  oligodendrocyte; slow down 
C)  node of Ranvier; speed up 
D)  oligodendrocyte; speed up C

Question 2

Refer to the figure.
   Each graph represents the depolarization activity during an action potential in Xenopus spinal cells at different stages of development. Referring to each electrical reading (A, B, and C), place the graphs in order of developmental stage, from earliest to latest. What are the major changes in action potential activity that occurs with development?

Accepted Answer

The earliest stage in development is illustrated in graph B, followed by C, and A is the mature action potential. As development progresses, the mediation of the action potential shifts from being calcium-dependent to being sodium-dependent. Additionally, the recovery of the resting potential is much faster in mature action potentials.

Question 3

Which human disorder results from the degeneration of myelin in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

A)  Marie-Charcot-Tooth disease 
B)  Guillain-Barre syndrome 
C)  Multiple sclerosis 
D)  ALS 
A)  Marie-Charcot-Tooth disease 
B)  Guillain-Barre syndrome 
C)  Multiple sclerosis 
D)  ALS C

Question 4

Which protein regulates vesicle fusion in response to Ca2+ in the presynaptic axon?

Accepted Answer

A)  Syntaxin 
B)  SNAP25 
C)  Synaptobrevin 
D)  Synaptotagmin 
A)  Syntaxin 
B)  SNAP25 
C)  Synaptobrevin 
D)  Synaptotagmin

Question 5

Which of the following prevent(s) outside influences from reaching the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Terminal Schwann cell 
B)  Acetylcholine 
C)  Acetylcholinesterase 
D)  Basal lamina 
A)  Terminal Schwann cell 
B)  Acetylcholine 
C)  Acetylcholinesterase 
D)  Basal lamina

Question 6

In synaptic transmission, the SNARE complex

Accepted Answer

A)  anchors a vesicle to the presynaptic membrane. 
B)  releases vesicle contents into the synapse. 
C)  is a calcium sensor. 
D)  triggers the fusion of the vesicle and cell membranes. 
A)  anchors a vesicle to the presynaptic membrane. 
B)  releases vesicle contents into the synapse. 
C)  is a calcium sensor. 
D)  triggers the fusion of the vesicle and cell membranes.

Question 7

After muscle damage, what guides regenerating motor neuron axons back to their former site at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acetylcholine receptors on the muscle fibers 
B)  Basal lamina from the NMJ 
C)  Schwann cells 
D)  Acetylcholine secreted by motor neurons 
A)  Acetylcholine receptors on the muscle fibers 
B)  Basal lamina from the NMJ 
C)  Schwann cells 
D)  Acetylcholine secreted by motor neurons

Question 8

After muscle damage, muscle fibers regenerate new clusters of acetylcholine receptors at their former neuromuscular junction site even in the absence of any motor neuron innervation, and motor neurons return to their former NMJ site even if muscle fibers are prevented from regenerating. What does this suggest about NMJ development and regeneration?

Accepted Answer

A)  Motor neurons are not required for the initial development of the NMJ. 
B)  Something in the muscle fiber marks the site of the NMJ. 
C)  Something in the extracellular matrix marks the site of the NMJ. 
D)  Something in the motor neuron marks the site of the NMJ. 
A)  Motor neurons are not required for the initial development of the NMJ. 
B)  Something in the muscle fiber marks the site of the NMJ. 
C)  Something in the extracellular matrix marks the site of the NMJ. 
D)  Something in the motor neuron marks the site of the NMJ.

Question 9

What two types of glia myelinate axons, and where do you find them? What is the function of myelination?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What two types of glia myelinate axons,...

Question 10

Why can severed axons in the periphery regenerate and reinnervate muscle, but severed axons in the brain or spinal cord rarely or never innervate their appropriate target? Why might humans have not evolved a way to regenerate CNS connections?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why can severed axons in the periphery...

Question 11

Mature synapses distinguished from embryonic synapse by their

Accepted Answer

A)  longer postsynaptic potentials. 
B)  shorter postsynaptic potentials. 
C)  release of more neurotransmitter. 
D)  stronger postsynaptic potentials. 
A)  longer postsynaptic potentials. 
B)  shorter postsynaptic potentials. 
C)  release of more neurotransmitter. 
D)  stronger postsynaptic potentials.

Question 12

Refer to the figure.
   These data show the maturation of excitatory synapses in the rat neocortex. From the graph, what can you conclude about how the duration of the postsynaptic potential changes as development progresses? What does the reduction in standard deviation error bars indicate?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the figure.
   These...

Question 13

In what way does the function of GABA receptors change across development? What mechanism mediates this change?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In what way does the function of...

Question 14

In the development of the neuromuscular junction, the function of agrin is to

Accepted Answer

A)  produce neurotransmitters. 
B)  create Schwann cells. 
C)  aggregate cell membrane receptors. 
D)  produce the basal lamina. 
A)  produce neurotransmitters. 
B)  create Schwann cells. 
C)  aggregate cell membrane receptors. 
D)  produce the basal lamina.

Question 15

Fragile X syndrome is caused by too _______ trinucleotide repeats, which results in a(n) _______ in the number of synapses in the brain.

Accepted Answer

A)  few; decrease 
B)  few; increase 
C)  many; decrease 
D)  many; increase 
A)  few; decrease 
B)  few; increase 
C)  many; decrease 
D)  many; increase

Question 16

From earliest to latest, what is the order of muscle cell development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Myotube, myoblast, myofiber 
B)  Myoblast, myotube, myofiber 
C)  Myotube, myofiber, myoblast 
D)  Myoblast, myofiber, mytotube 
A)  Myotube, myoblast, myofiber 
B)  Myoblast, myotube, myofiber 
C)  Myotube, myofiber, myoblast 
D)  Myoblast, myofiber, mytotube

Question 17

What experimental results indicate that the binding of neurexins and neuroligins is both necessary and sufficient to trigger the first steps of synapse formation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What experimental results indicate that the binding...

Question 18

In synapse formation, the presynaptic terminal produces _______, which binds to _______ in the postsynaptic terminal to trigger the assembly of neurotransmitter-releasing machinery.

Accepted Answer

A)  neuroligin; neurexin 
B)  neurexin; neuroligin 
C)  neuroligin; synaptotagmin 
D)  neurexin; neuregulin 
A)  neuroligin; neurexin 
B)  neurexin; neuroligin 
C)  neuroligin; synaptotagmin 
D)  neurexin; neuregulin

Question 19

The motor neuron, muscle fiber, and Schwann cells all produce agrin. Why does the agrin produced in the muscle fiber not cause acetylcholine receptors to aggregate together before contacting the motor neuron? What would happen if only the agrin produced by motor neurons was mutated?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The motor neuron, muscle fiber, and Schwann...

Question 20

In order to build a synapse, which molecules are necessary to keep cells together?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cadherins 
B)  Semaphorins 
C)  Integrins 
D)  β-catenin 
A)  Cadherins 
B)  Semaphorins 
C)  Integrins 
D)  β-catenin

In axons, the gap between segments of myelin is called a _, and it serves to _ action potential conduction.

Which human disorder results from the degeneration of myelin in the central nervous system?

Which protein regulates vesicle fusion in response to Ca²⁺ in the presynaptic axon?

Which of the following prevent(s) outside influences from reaching the neuromuscular junction?

In synaptic transmission, the SNARE complex

After muscle damage, what guides regenerating motor neuron axons back to their former site at the neuromuscular junction?

What two types of glia myelinate axons, and where do you find them? What is the function of myelination?

Why can severed axons in the periphery regenerate and reinnervate muscle, but severed axons in the brain or spinal cord rarely or never innervate their appropriate target? Why might humans have not evolved a way to regenerate CNS connections?

Mature synapses distinguished from embryonic synapse by their

Refer to the figure. These data show the maturation of excitatory synapses in the rat neocortex. From the graph, what can you conclude about how the duration of the postsynaptic potential changes as development progresses? What does the reduction in standard deviation error bars indicate?

In what way does the function of GABA receptors change across development? What mechanism mediates this change?

In the development of the neuromuscular junction, the function of agrin is to

Fragile X syndrome is caused by too _ trinucleotide repeats, which results in a(n) _ in the number of synapses in the brain.

From earliest to latest, what is the order of muscle cell development?

What experimental results indicate that the binding of neurexins and neuroligins is both necessary and sufficient to trigger the first steps of synapse formation?

In synapse formation, the presynaptic terminal produces _, which binds to _ in the postsynaptic terminal to trigger the assembly of neurotransmitter-releasing machinery.

The motor neuron, muscle fiber, and Schwann cells all produce agrin. Why does the agrin produced in the muscle fiber not cause acetylcholine receptors to aggregate together before contacting the motor neuron? What would happen if only the agrin produced by motor neurons was mutated?

In order to build a synapse, which molecules are necessary to keep cells together?

Cell Differentiation and Neural Induction

Development of a Body Pattern

Neurogenesis and Migration

Neural Differentiation

Axonal Pathfinding

Apoptosis

Activity-Guided Neural Development

Experience-Guided Neural Development

Socially Guided Neural Development

Filters

Exam 6: Synapse Formation and Maturation

In axons, the gap between segments of myelin is called a _______, and it serves to _______ action potential conduction.

Which human disorder results from the degeneration of myelin in the central nervous system?

Which protein regulates vesicle fusion in response to Ca2+ in the presynaptic axon?

Which of the following prevent(s) outside influences from reaching the neuromuscular junction?

In synaptic transmission, the SNARE complex

After muscle damage, what guides regenerating motor neuron axons back to their former site at the neuromuscular junction?

What two types of glia myelinate axons, and where do you find them? What is the function of myelination?

Why can severed axons in the periphery regenerate and reinnervate muscle, but severed axons in the brain or spinal cord rarely or never innervate their appropriate target? Why might humans have not evolved a way to regenerate CNS connections?

Mature synapses distinguished from embryonic synapse by their

Refer to the figure. These data show the maturation of excitatory synapses in the rat neocortex. From the graph, what can you conclude about how the duration of the postsynaptic potential changes as development progresses? What does the reduction in standard deviation error bars indicate?

In what way does the function of GABA receptors change across development? What mechanism mediates this change?

In the development of the neuromuscular junction, the function of agrin is to

Fragile X syndrome is caused by too _______ trinucleotide repeats, which results in a(n) _______ in the number of synapses in the brain.

From earliest to latest, what is the order of muscle cell development?

What experimental results indicate that the binding of neurexins and neuroligins is both necessary and sufficient to trigger the first steps of synapse formation?

In synapse formation, the presynaptic terminal produces _______, which binds to _______ in the postsynaptic terminal to trigger the assembly of neurotransmitter-releasing machinery.

The motor neuron, muscle fiber, and Schwann cells all produce agrin. Why does the agrin produced in the muscle fiber not cause acetylcholine receptors to aggregate together before contacting the motor neuron? What would happen if only the agrin produced by motor neurons was mutated?

In order to build a synapse, which molecules are necessary to keep cells together?

Cell Differentiation and Neural Induction

Development of a Body Pattern

Neurogenesis and Migration

Neural Differentiation

Axonal Pathfinding

Apoptosis

Activity-Guided Neural Development

Experience-Guided Neural Development

Socially Guided Neural Development

Filters

In axons, the gap between segments of myelin is called a _, and it serves to _ action potential conduction.

Which protein regulates vesicle fusion in response to Ca²⁺ in the presynaptic axon?

Fragile X syndrome is caused by too _ trinucleotide repeats, which results in a(n) _ in the number of synapses in the brain.

In synapse formation, the presynaptic terminal produces _, which binds to _ in the postsynaptic terminal to trigger the assembly of neurotransmitter-releasing machinery.