Exam 1: Cell Differentiation and Neural Induction

Describe the difference between cellular differentiation and ontogeny.

If you were to remove the mesoderm of a developing embryo, you would expect to happen to the embryo?

Organizer proteins _______ TGFβ receptor signaling, thus inducing _______ development.

Transplanting the dorsal lip of the blastopore of one newt blastula onto another part of a differently pigmented newt blastula results in what kind of newt with what kind of pigment? What does this tell us about the dorsal lip of the blastopore?

How can an organism like C. elegans, which follows an invariant pattern of mitosis, develop different cell types in a dividing zygote?

The phenotype of an individual organism or cell refers to the

In their search for the organizer signal, the hypothesis the researchers developed after exposing frog embryos to lithium chloride was that lithium chloride may

Refer to the figure. A normal wild-type mouse is shown in (A), a mutant mouse with an arrow pointing to its missing ear is shown in (B), and a mutant mouse with an arrow pointing to a missing brain is shown in (C). What specific mutations might (B) and (C) have?

The modern synthesis of evolution postulated that

The earliest metazoans to have neurons were the

The first organisms to have more than one type of cell were the

From earliest to latest in development, what is the correct order of vertebrate embryological ontogeny?

Which protein, secreted by endodermal cells, induces organizer proteins to start being made?

The neural tube will give rise to the _______, while the neural crest will give rise to the _______.

In insects, the expression of _______ is the first step ectodermal cells must take on the path to becoming neural cells.

In the Achaete-scute complex, all cells in the ectodermal rosette begin by expressing AS-C, but only one ends up expressing AS-C. What does this suggest about how the cells in each rosette determine which will become the neuroblast? How was this suggestion confirmed experimentally?

Researchers implanted the nucleus of an albino frog's skin cell into an enucleated egg from a pigmented frog, and a whole albino frog developed. What did this tell us about how genes direct cellular differentiation, and how might transcription factors play a role in this?

Refer to the figure. If the optic cup normally induces the overlying epithelium to differentiate into a lens and cornea, why might it not be able to induce the trunk epithelium to do the same?

If you introduce stem cells with a new gene into a mouse blastula, and that mouse grows up to produce pups that also have that transgene, what can you conclude about the fate of those original transgenic stem cells?

The process by which one tissue directs the differentiation of another tissue is called