Exam 3: Classical, Neoclassical, and Rational-Choice Theories

Cesare Beccaria believed that government was not the automatic right of the rich. Rather, it was created through a social contract in which free, rational individuals sacrificed part of their freedom to the state to maintain peace and security on behalf of the common good.

Jeremy Bentham's conception of pain and pleasure involved not just physical sensations but also ____________ dimensions, each of which varied in intensity, duration, certainty, and proximity.

Jeremy Bentham was responsible for designing the ultimate disciplinary prison, the ____________, designed to control not only the freedom of movement of those confined but their minds as well.

Cesare Beccaria's principle of the presumption of innocence was designed to protect individual rights against excessive state power or corrupt officials.

During the Classical era, the primary focus of utilitarian philosophers was to transform arbitrary criminal justice into a ___________ system.

According to Cesare Beccaria, for punishment to appear as a deterrent to potential off enders in relation to the offense committed, then it must also occur swiftly after apprehension, that is, with celerity.

Saw ___________ purpose as increasing the total happiness of the community by excluding 'mischief' and promoting pleasure and security.

According to Cesare Beccaria, the principle of utility refers to the belief that individual rights have priority over the interests of society or the state.

In the Classical era, the 'unrespectable poor' were seen as the responsibility of the more fortunate and would be segregated by their class and condition and given immediate assistance, including shelter, treatment, adequate maintenance, and, in the case of the children, education and training, in a variety of houses and hospitals around the country.

The justice model contained the following element(s):

According to Cesare Beccaria, the principle of ____________ means that individual rights have priority over the interests of society or the state.

___________ theories explain how some people consciously and rationally choose to commit criminal acts.

According to rational choice theory, offenders choose to engage in criminal acts if their rough calculations suggest the actions might result in net gains. _____________ affect their decision, since these are factors to be considered when calculating the cost-benefit estimations of risk.

Cesare Beccaria argued that the law, the courts, and especially judges have a responsibility to protect the innocent from conviction and to convict the guilty, but to do so without regard to their status, wealth, or power. Therefore, the only basis for conviction was the facts of the case. This led to the principle of 'the presumption of ____________,' designed to protect individual rights against excessive state power or corrupt officials.

According to Jeremy Bentham, the ___________ refers to the idea that the greatest good should be sought for the greatest number of people.

Cesare Beccaria argued that if punishments are to be an effective deterrent in individual calculations, they must be ____________, which refers to a high chance of apprehension and punishment.

The term _____________ means using the punishment of one individual to discourage others from committing crime.

___________ offered the notion of the 'hedonistic, or felicity, calculus' as an explanation for people's actions.

According to Cesare Beccaria, for punishment to appear as a deterrent to potential off enders in relation to the offense committed, then it must also occur swiftly after apprehension, that is, with ___________.

Please list some of the original classical concepts and principles presented by social philosophers Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. How did these classical concepts lay the bases for the modern U.S. legal system?