Question 1

Discuss the pros and cons and provide examples of the three primary means of measuring physical activity.

Accepted Answer

The three primary means of measuring physical activity are self-reporting, direct observation, and objective monitoring.

Self-reporting involves individuals keeping track of their own physical activity levels through methods such as activity logs, diaries, or questionnaires. This method is convenient and cost-effective, but it is also prone to bias and inaccuracies. For example, someone may overestimate their activity levels or forget to record certain activities.

Direct observation involves trained observers watching and recording an individual's physical activity. This method provides accurate and detailed information, but it can be time-consuming and intrusive. For example, researchers may use direct observation to study children's physical activity levels on a playground.

Objective monitoring involves using devices such as pedometers, accelerometers, or heart rate monitors to directly measure physical activity. This method provides precise and objective data, but it can be expensive and may not capture certain types of activity, such as swimming or cycling. For example, fitness trackers like Fitbit and Apple Watch use accelerometers to track steps and movement throughout the day.

In conclusion, each method of measuring physical activity has its own set of pros and cons. Self-reporting is convenient but prone to bias, direct observation is accurate but time-consuming, and objective monitoring provides precise data but can be expensive. Researchers and practitioners should carefully consider the strengths and limitations of each method when choosing how to measure physical activity.

Question 2

Based on our discussions of industrialization and the decline of physical activity, why are exercise participation and adherence rates so dismal?

Accepted Answer

Exercise participation and adherence rates are often dismal due to a combination of factors that stem from industrialization and the decline of physical activity in daily life. Here are several reasons that contribute to this issue:

1. Sedentary Lifestyles: Industrialization has led to more sedentary jobs and lifestyles. With the rise of office work and automation, many people spend the majority of their day sitting at a desk, which reduces the need for physical exertion. This shift has made regular exercise less of a necessity for daily functioning, and as a result, it becomes an additional task that requires extra effort and time.

2. Time Constraints: Many individuals feel that they do not have enough time to exercise due to long work hours and other commitments. The demands of modern life, including work, family responsibilities, and social obligations, can make it challenging to find time to prioritize physical activity.

3. Lack of Immediate Rewards: Exercise often does not provide immediate gratification, and the benefits of regular physical activity, such as improved health and well-being, can take time to manifest. This delay in rewards can lead to a lack of motivation to continue exercising, especially if individuals are looking for quick results.

4. Accessibility and Cost: Access to facilities and the cost of gym memberships or fitness classes can be barriers to exercise participation. Not everyone has the financial means or access to safe and convenient locations to engage in physical activity.

5. Cultural Values: In some societies, there may be less cultural emphasis on physical fitness and outdoor activities. This can influence attitudes towards exercise and make it less of a priority in people's lives.

6. Lack of Education: Without proper education on the importance of physical activity and how to effectively incorporate it into one's lifestyle, individuals may not recognize the significance of exercise or know how to start and maintain an exercise regimen.

7. Psychological Barriers: Fear of judgment, low self-esteem, and lack of confidence can prevent individuals from participating in exercise, especially in public settings like gyms or group classes.

8. Physical Discomfort: For some, especially those who are new to exercise or have pre-existing health conditions, physical activity can be uncomfortable or even painful. This can discourage continued participation.

9. Poor Habit Formation: Developing a new habit takes time and consistency. Many people struggle with the discipline required to make exercise a regular part of their routine.

10. Overwhelming Options: The vast array of exercise programs and conflicting information about the "best" way to work out can be overwhelming, leading to paralysis by analysis and a lack of action.

To improve exercise participation and adherence rates, it is important to address these barriers by creating supportive environments, providing education on the benefits of physical activity, making exercise more accessible and affordable, and helping individuals to set realistic goals and find activities they enjoy. Additionally, integrating more physical activity into daily life, such as walking or biking to work, can help counteract the sedentary tendencies brought on by industrialization.

Question 3

What is the most popular time frame for self-report measures of physical activity that rely on memory recall?

Accepted Answer

A)  One day 
B)  One week 
C)  One year 
D)  None of the above 
A)  One day 
B)  One week 
C)  One year 
D)  None of the above B

Question 4

Epidemiological information is important to health-care professionals because it allows them to do which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Target specific populations for intervention 
B)  Determine the impact of an intervention on physical activity behavior 
C)  Promote the public health consequences of current levels of physical activity behavior 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Target specific populations for intervention 
B)  Determine the impact of an intervention on physical activity behavior 
C)  Promote the public health consequences of current levels of physical activity behavior 
D)  All of the above

Question 5

What do results from the San Francisco longshoremen and Harvard alumni studies indicate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Greater physical activity levels are associated with lower mortality risks 
B)  All longshoremen possessed an equivalent CHD risk as a function of their job 
C)  Active individuals live up to one year longer than inactive individuals 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Greater physical activity levels are associated with lower mortality risks 
B)  All longshoremen possessed an equivalent CHD risk as a function of their job 
C)  Active individuals live up to one year longer than inactive individuals 
D)  All of the above

Question 6

What does data concerning the relationship between physical activity and gender indicate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Australian males tend to engage in high levels of activity to a greater extent than do Australian females 
B)  Twice as many Canadian boys than girls meet the 24-hour physical activity recommendations for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity 
C)  Other than walking, the most common physical activity types for English men are sports and exercise, whereas "heavy" housework is the top activity for English women 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Australian males tend to engage in high levels of activity to a greater extent than do Australian females 
B)  Twice as many Canadian boys than girls meet the 24-hour physical activity recommendations for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity 
C)  Other than walking, the most common physical activity types for English men are sports and exercise, whereas "heavy" housework is the top activity for English women 
D)  All of the above

Question 7

Research on sedentary behavior has shown that

Accepted Answer

A)  Time spent on sedentary behaviors is constant across the lifespan. 
B)  The effects of sedentary behaviors on risk for various chronic diseases are independent of the effects of physical activity. 
C)  Among American school-aged students, ethnicity is unrelated to time spent watching television. 
D)  There is an increased risk for cardiovascular disease for people who engage in more than 5 hours per day of sedentary time. 
A)  Time spent on sedentary behaviors is constant across the lifespan. 
B)  The effects of sedentary behaviors on risk for various chronic diseases are independent of the effects of physical activity. 
C)  Among American school-aged students, ethnicity is unrelated to time spent watching television. 
D)  There is an increased risk for cardiovascular disease for people who engage in more than 5 hours per day of sedentary time.

Question 8

Results from an English study concerning the "sitting" and physical activity habits of toddlers and teenagers found which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Toddlers sit more than they engage in physical activity 
B)  Toddlers engage in physical activity more than they sit 
C)  Teenagers sit more than they engage in physical activity 
D)  Teenagers engage in physical activity more than they sit 
A)  Toddlers sit more than they engage in physical activity 
B)  Toddlers engage in physical activity more than they sit 
C)  Teenagers sit more than they engage in physical activity 
D)  Teenagers engage in physical activity more than they sit

Question 9

Concerning physical activity patterns and mortality (death) rates, what does research indicate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Canadian premature deaths may be reduced by up to 10% with increased activity levels 
B)  A midlife increase in physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of mortality 
C)  Contrary to popular opinion, physically active people do not necessarily outlive their sedentary counterparts 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Canadian premature deaths may be reduced by up to 10% with increased activity levels 
B)  A midlife increase in physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of mortality 
C)  Contrary to popular opinion, physically active people do not necessarily outlive their sedentary counterparts 
D)  All of the above

Question 10

What are the primary findings with regard to the San Francisco longshoremen, Harvard Alumni, and Cooper Institute studies?

Accepted Answer

The primary findings of the San Francisc

Question 11

What does the relationship between physical activity patterns in childhood and adulthood indicate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Active children become active adults 
B)  Active children do not become active adults 
C)  Active children may or may not become active adults 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Active children become active adults 
B)  Active children do not become active adults 
C)  Active children may or may not become active adults 
D)  None of the above

Question 12

Define physical activity epidemiology. Briefly summarize the epidemiological evidence concerning physical activity and the following variables/factors:
a. age
b. gender
c. ethnicity
d. socioeconomic status
e. educational level

Accepted Answer

Physical activity epidemiology is the st

Question 13

What does data from the United States concerning the relationship between physical activity and education indicate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sedentary rates decline dramatically as education level increases 
B)  Sedentary rates increase dramatically as education level increases 
C)  Adolescent activity is not related to the education level of parents 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Sedentary rates decline dramatically as education level increases 
B)  Sedentary rates increase dramatically as education level increases 
C)  Adolescent activity is not related to the education level of parents 
D)  None of the above

Question 14

Sedentary behavior is defined as:

Accepted Answer

A)  Any waking behavior with an energy expenditure < 1.5 METs, performed while sitting, reclining or lying down. 
B)  Time spent on screen-based behaviors. 
C)  A position in which one's weight is supported by one's buttocks rather than one's feet. 
D)  Any waking behavior done while lying, reclining, sitting or standing with no ambulation, regardless of energy expenditure. 
A)  Any waking behavior with an energy expenditure < 1.5 METs, performed while sitting, reclining or lying down. 
B)  Time spent on screen-based behaviors. 
C)  A position in which one's weight is supported by one's buttocks rather than one's feet. 
D)  Any waking behavior done while lying, reclining, sitting or standing with no ambulation, regardless of energy expenditure.

Question 15

Summarize the epidemiological evidence concerning adult patterns of physical activity from the countries reviewed in the chapter.

Accepted Answer

The epidemiological evidence concerning

Discuss the pros and cons and provide examples of the three primary means of measuring physical activity.

Based on our discussions of industrialization and the decline of physical activity, why are exercise participation and adherence rates so dismal?

What is the most popular time frame for self-report measures of physical activity that rely on memory recall?

Epidemiological information is important to health-care professionals because it allows them to do which of the following?

What do results from the San Francisco longshoremen and Harvard alumni studies indicate?

What does data concerning the relationship between physical activity and gender indicate?

Research on sedentary behavior has shown that

Results from an English study concerning the "sitting" and physical activity habits of toddlers and teenagers found which of the following?

Concerning physical activity patterns and mortality (death) rates, what does research indicate?

What are the primary findings with regard to the San Francisco longshoremen, Harvard Alumni, and Cooper Institute studies?

What does the relationship between physical activity patterns in childhood and adulthood indicate?

Define physical activity epidemiology. Briefly summarize the epidemiological evidence concerning physical activity and the following variables/factors: a. age b. gender c. ethnicity d. socioeconomic status e. educational level

What does data from the United States concerning the relationship between physical activity and education indicate?

Sedentary behavior is defined as:

Summarize the epidemiological evidence concerning adult patterns of physical activity from the countries reviewed in the chapter.

Introduction to Exercise Psychology

Understanding Exercise Behavior I

Understanding Exercise Behavior II

Developing Exercise Interventions: Part 1

Developing Exercise Interventions: Part 2

Personality and Exercise

Self-Perceptions and Exercise

Stress, Stress Reactivity, and Exercise

Anxiety and Exercise

Depression and Exercise

Emotional Well-Being and Exercise

Cognitive Function and Exercise

Health-Related Quality of Life and Exercise

Filters

Exam 2: Physical Activity Epidemiology

Discuss the pros and cons and provide examples of the three primary means of measuring physical activity.

Based on our discussions of industrialization and the decline of physical activity, why are exercise participation and adherence rates so dismal?

What is the most popular time frame for self-report measures of physical activity that rely on memory recall?

Epidemiological information is important to health-care professionals because it allows them to do which of the following?

What do results from the San Francisco longshoremen and Harvard alumni studies indicate?

What does data concerning the relationship between physical activity and gender indicate?

Research on sedentary behavior has shown that

Results from an English study concerning the "sitting" and physical activity habits of toddlers and teenagers found which of the following?

Concerning physical activity patterns and mortality (death) rates, what does research indicate?

What are the primary findings with regard to the San Francisco longshoremen, Harvard Alumni, and Cooper Institute studies?

What does the relationship between physical activity patterns in childhood and adulthood indicate?

Define physical activity epidemiology. Briefly summarize the epidemiological evidence concerning physical activity and the following variables/factors: a. age b. gender c. ethnicity d. socioeconomic status e. educational level

What does data from the United States concerning the relationship between physical activity and education indicate?

Sedentary behavior is defined as:

Summarize the epidemiological evidence concerning adult patterns of physical activity from the countries reviewed in the chapter.

Introduction to Exercise Psychology

Understanding Exercise Behavior I

Understanding Exercise Behavior II

Developing Exercise Interventions: Part 1

Developing Exercise Interventions: Part 2

Personality and Exercise

Self-Perceptions and Exercise

Stress, Stress Reactivity, and Exercise

Anxiety and Exercise

Depression and Exercise

Emotional Well-Being and Exercise

Cognitive Function and Exercise

Health-Related Quality of Life and Exercise

Filters