Question 1

According to Steinmetz et al. (1980), self-talk is unproductive and/or based on irrational beliefs when it:

Accepted Answer

A)  interferes with reaching your short- and long-term goals 
B)  increases emotional conflict 
C)  does any of these 
D)  is not helpful to you 
E)  conflicts with objective reality 
A)  interferes with reaching your short- and long-term goals 
B)  increases emotional conflict 
C)  does any of these 
D)  is not helpful to you 
E)  conflicts with objective reality C

Question 2

Using a trigger word or image to stop negative self-statements is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  thought stoppage 
B)  peripheral narrowing 
C)  tunnel vision 
D)  attentional narrowing 
E)  switching to positive 
A)  thought stoppage 
B)  peripheral narrowing 
C)  tunnel vision 
D)  attentional narrowing 
E)  switching to positive A

Question 3

Guidelines for writing/achieving affirmation statements include all of the following EXCEPT for:

Accepted Answer

A)  state in present tense 
B)  post them and/or reinforce by putting them on audio or videotapes 
C)  write statements about what you want 
D)  phrase "as if" you already have it 
E)  include useful generalizations such as always, every time 
A)  state in present tense 
B)  post them and/or reinforce by putting them on audio or videotapes 
C)  write statements about what you want 
D)  phrase "as if" you already have it 
E)  include useful generalizations such as always, every time E

Question 4

Cognitive self-talk becomes shorter, less frequent, and shifts from a focus on mechanics to strategies and optimal feelings as skills become more automatic and mastered.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Based on research that examined the influence of self-talk on performance, all of the following are true, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  Self-talk interventions were most effective for fine, novel/new tasks 
B)  Motivational self-talk can positively impact performance 
C)  Negative self-talk undermines performance 
D)  Instructional self-talk helped facilitate performance 
A)  Self-talk interventions were most effective for fine, novel/new tasks 
B)  Motivational self-talk can positively impact performance 
C)  Negative self-talk undermines performance 
D)  Instructional self-talk helped facilitate performance

Question 6

Particularly in high anxiety conditions, using self-talk to say what "not to do" (e.g., "don't fumble") may result in that very action being completed (e.g., more dropped footballs).

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Performers can use self-talk to:

Accepted Answer

A)  improve mood 
B)  control attention 
C)  change bad habits 
D)  all of these 
A)  improve mood 
B)  control attention 
C)  change bad habits 
D)  all of these

Question 8

Only positive feedback can build confidence.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

One of the common misconceptions about confidence is that success always builds confidence.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

"Mastery" videos are purposely designed to have the athlete practice making a mistake and then practice the strategies for regaining control and confidence.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

All are true of someone with an optimistic explanatory style EXCEPT for:

Accepted Answer

A)  view errors as temporary and atypical 
B)  believe this success will likely generalize to other events 
C)  view successes as indicative of one's true ability 
D)  view teammates as largely responsible for one's success 
A)  view errors as temporary and atypical 
B)  believe this success will likely generalize to other events 
C)  view successes as indicative of one's true ability 
D)  view teammates as largely responsible for one's success

Question 12

Cognitive restructuring is one of the best techniques for modifying irrational and/or distorted thinking.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

The probable reason that 37 runners broke the four-minute mile barrier within one year after Roger Bannister originally did was their:

Accepted Answer

A)  faster tracks 
B)  all of these 
C)  positive expectation, i.e., belief that it could be done 
D)  better equipment 
E)  enhanced training methods 
A)  faster tracks 
B)  all of these 
C)  positive expectation, i.e., belief that it could be done 
D)  better equipment 
E)  enhanced training methods

Question 14

Mental toughness is an unshakable belief in your ability to achieve your goals.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Ellis identified four irrational beliefs that are likely to negatively affect an athlete's performance. Identify the belief statement below that fails to represent one of the four.

Accepted Answer

A)  If I do my very best, I should get the end result I want. 
B)  Significant others (e.g., teammates and coach) have to approve and love me. 
C)  The conditions of my life, particularly those related to sports, absolutely must be arranged so that I get what I want when I want. 
D)  I must at all times perform outstandingly well. 
E)  Everyone has got to treat me kindly and fairly. 
A)  If I do my very best, I should get the end result I want. 
B)  Significant others (e.g., teammates and coach) have to approve and love me. 
C)  The conditions of my life, particularly those related to sports, absolutely must be arranged so that I get what I want when I want. 
D)  I must at all times perform outstandingly well. 
E)  Everyone has got to treat me kindly and fairly.

Question 16

By changing our internal self-statements we can change our emotional responses.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Confidence is static. Most high-performing athletes do not enter a perpetual cycle of feeling confident then needing to rebuild or regain their confidence.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Which of the below, if any, are NOT an example of an irrational belief?

Accepted Answer

A)  personalization 
B)  catastrophizing 
C)  blaming 
D)  emotional reasoning 
E)  pessimism 
A)  personalization 
B)  catastrophizing 
C)  blaming 
D)  emotional reasoning 
E)  pessimism

Question 19

Which of the following is believed to be a mechanism that produces negative self-talk?

Accepted Answer

A)  sub-conscious processing 
B)  overactivity in the left hemisphere 
C)  irrational beliefs 
D)  number of repetitions 
A)  sub-conscious processing 
B)  overactivity in the left hemisphere 
C)  irrational beliefs 
D)  number of repetitions

Question 20

All of the below are techniques for identifying self-talk EXCEPT for:

Accepted Answer

A)  keeping a self-talk log 
B)  identifying your pre-performance routine 
C)  relive past performance through imagery 
D)  retrospection of past performance 
A)  keeping a self-talk log 
B)  identifying your pre-performance routine 
C)  relive past performance through imagery 
D)  retrospection of past performance

Exam 14: Cognitive Techniques for Building Confidence and Enhancing Performance

According to Steinmetz et al. (1980), self-talk is unproductive and/or based on irrational beliefs when it:

Using a trigger word or image to stop negative self-statements is called:

Guidelines for writing/achieving affirmation statements include all of the following EXCEPT for:

Cognitive self-talk becomes shorter, less frequent, and shifts from a focus on mechanics to strategies and optimal feelings as skills become more automatic and mastered.

Based on research that examined the influence of self-talk on performance, all of the following are true, EXCEPT:

Particularly in high anxiety conditions, using self-talk to say what "not to do" (e.g., "don't fumble") may result in that very action being completed (e.g., more dropped footballs).

Performers can use self-talk to:

Only positive feedback can build confidence.

One of the common misconceptions about confidence is that success always builds confidence.

"Mastery" videos are purposely designed to have the athlete practice making a mistake and then practice the strategies for regaining control and confidence.

All are true of someone with an optimistic explanatory style EXCEPT for:

Cognitive restructuring is one of the best techniques for modifying irrational and/or distorted thinking.

The probable reason that 37 runners broke the four-minute mile barrier within one year after Roger Bannister originally did was their:

Mental toughness is an unshakable belief in your ability to achieve your goals.

Ellis identified four irrational beliefs that are likely to negatively affect an athlete's performance. Identify the belief statement below that fails to represent one of the four.

By changing our internal self-statements we can change our emotional responses.

Confidence is static. Most high-performing athletes do not enter a perpetual cycle of feeling confident then needing to rebuild or regain their confidence.

Which of the below, if any, are NOT an example of an irrational belief?

Which of the following is believed to be a mechanism that produces negative self-talk?

All of the below are techniques for identifying self-talk EXCEPT for:

Sport Psychology: Past, Present, Future

Motor Skill Learning for Effective Coaching and Performance

A Positive Approach to Coaching Effectiveness and Performance Enhancement

The Motivational Climate, Motivation, and Implications for Empowering Athletes and the Promotion of the Quality of Sport Engagement

The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Theory: When Coaches Expectations Become Reality

Leadership in Sports: The Critical Importance of Coach and Athlete Leadership

The Sport Team As an Effective Group

Communicating Effectively

Psychological Characteristics of Peak Performance

Increasing Awareness for Sport Performance

Goal Setting for Peak Performance

Understanding and Managing Stress in Sport

Using Imagery As a Mental Training Tool in Sport

Concentration and Strategies for Controlling It

Mindfulness in Sport

Integrating and Implementing a Psychological Skills Training Program

A Social-Cognitive Approach to Conducting Evidence Based Coach-Training Programs

Gender, Diversity, and Cultural Competence

When to Refer Athletes to Other Helping Professionals

Doping in Sport: Causes and Cures

Athlete Burnout: An Individual and Organizational Phenomenon

Injury Risk and Rehabilitation: Psychological Considerations

Athletes Careers and Transitions

Exercise and Physical Activity Participation: An Identity-Centered Approach

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