Question 1

How would a hydrophilic hormone NOT regulate target gene transcription?

Accepted Answer

A)  Via signal transduction 
B)  By binding to a specific hormone receptor on the plasma membrane 
C)  By initiating phosphorylation of target proteins inside the cell 
D)  By crossing the plasma membrane and binding to a hormone response element in the nucleus 
E)  By stimulating production of a secondary messenger such as cAMP 
A)  Via signal transduction 
B)  By binding to a specific hormone receptor on the plasma membrane 
C)  By initiating phosphorylation of target proteins inside the cell 
D)  By crossing the plasma membrane and binding to a hormone response element in the nucleus 
E)  By stimulating production of a secondary messenger such as cAMP

Question 2

Where do hypothalamic neurosecretions accumulate before being transported to the anterior pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

A)  The posterior pituitary gland 
B)  At the apex of the hypothalamus 
C)  The median eminence 
D)  The ulterior ligamous 
E)  In the duodenum 
A)  The posterior pituitary gland 
B)  At the apex of the hypothalamus 
C)  The median eminence 
D)  The ulterior ligamous 
E)  In the duodenum

Question 3

Hormonal systems of invertebrates

Accepted Answer

A)  are solely neurosecretory systems in which neurosecretory cells may be aggregated into neurohaemal organs. 
B)  are generally not well known, although an extensive literature exists for the molluscs. 
C)  can include separate endocrine organs as well as neurosecretory systems in higher invertebrates. 
D)  operate on the basis of peptide hormones only. 
E)  only control growth and development. 
A)  are solely neurosecretory systems in which neurosecretory cells may be aggregated into neurohaemal organs. 
B)  are generally not well known, although an extensive literature exists for the molluscs. 
C)  can include separate endocrine organs as well as neurosecretory systems in higher invertebrates. 
D)  operate on the basis of peptide hormones only. 
E)  only control growth and development.

Question 4

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  Oestrogens and androgens are peptide hormones which are usually converted to more active species in the blood. 
B)  In males, FSH stimulates the secretion of steroidal androgens. 
C)  In mammals, FSH stimulates ovarian follicles to proliferate and form the corpus luteum. 
D)  In oviparous monotremes, the corpus luteum produces progesterone which prepares the reporductive tract to receive the embryo and maintain the pregnancy. 
E)  Oestrogens and androgens influence the development of gametes and ovulation. 
A)  Oestrogens and androgens are peptide hormones which are usually converted to more active species in the blood. 
B)  In males, FSH stimulates the secretion of steroidal androgens. 
C)  In mammals, FSH stimulates ovarian follicles to proliferate and form the corpus luteum. 
D)  In oviparous monotremes, the corpus luteum produces progesterone which prepares the reporductive tract to receive the embryo and maintain the pregnancy. 
E)  Oestrogens and androgens influence the development of gametes and ovulation.

Question 5

Hormonal control systems of widely differing degrees of complexity are found in representatives of

Accepted Answer

A)  animals. 
B)  fungi. 
C)  protists. 
D)  parasites. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  animals. 
B)  fungi. 
C)  protists. 
D)  parasites. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 6

Several diseases in humans are related to the malfunction of thyroid hormones, including

Accepted Answer

A)  thyrotoxicosis which results in slow metabolism and dilated pupils. 
B)  goitre, or enlarged thyroid, caused by increased thyroid secretions. 
C)  myxoedema, an abnormal water accumulation in tissues, due to increased thyroid hormones. 
D)  cretinism, due to impaired growth and development which results from low iodine intake. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  thyrotoxicosis which results in slow metabolism and dilated pupils. 
B)  goitre, or enlarged thyroid, caused by increased thyroid secretions. 
C)  myxoedema, an abnormal water accumulation in tissues, due to increased thyroid hormones. 
D)  cretinism, due to impaired growth and development which results from low iodine intake. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 7

Which statement most accurately describes the function of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system? The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Accepted Answer

A)  carries releasing/inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the neurohypophysis. 
B)  vascularises the hypothalamus and the hypophysis. 
C)  carries neurosecretions from the median eminence into the general circulatory system and then the adenohypophysis. 
D)  carries neurosecretions from the median eminence directly to the anterior pituitary gland. 
E)  is an array of capillaries which supply the hormone secreting cells of the posterior pituitary. 
A)  carries releasing/inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the neurohypophysis. 
B)  vascularises the hypothalamus and the hypophysis. 
C)  carries neurosecretions from the median eminence into the general circulatory system and then the adenohypophysis. 
D)  carries neurosecretions from the median eminence directly to the anterior pituitary gland. 
E)  is an array of capillaries which supply the hormone secreting cells of the posterior pituitary.

Question 8

Animal hormones are

Accepted Answer

A)  secreted in response to specific stimuli. 
B)  transported via the blood to their site of action. 
C)  essential for growth, reproduction and maturation. 
D)  regulated by negative feedback control mechanisms. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  secreted in response to specific stimuli. 
B)  transported via the blood to their site of action. 
C)  essential for growth, reproduction and maturation. 
D)  regulated by negative feedback control mechanisms. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 9

If a pancreas were to release bicarbonate, this could be in response to

Accepted Answer

A)  low levels or absence of secretin. 
B)  low pH in the duodenum. 
C)  high levels of oestrogens. 
D)  a positive feedback loop regulatory framework. 
E)  high pH in the pacreas. 
A)  low levels or absence of secretin. 
B)  low pH in the duodenum. 
C)  high levels of oestrogens. 
D)  a positive feedback loop regulatory framework. 
E)  high pH in the pacreas.

Question 10

Secretions of the pancreas into the duodenum are regarded as

Accepted Answer

A)  autocrine secretions. 
B)  endocrine secretions. 
C)  exocrine secretions. 
D)  paracrine secretions. 
E)  both endocrine and autocrine. 
A)  autocrine secretions. 
B)  endocrine secretions. 
C)  exocrine secretions. 
D)  paracrine secretions. 
E)  both endocrine and autocrine.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a hormone

Accepted Answer

A)  Gangliocrine hormone 
B)  Pheromone 
C)  Prostaglandin 
D)  Paracrine hormone 
E)  Autocrine hormone 
A)  Gangliocrine hormone 
B)  Pheromone 
C)  Prostaglandin 
D)  Paracrine hormone 
E)  Autocrine hormone

Question 12

In mammals, the posterior pituitary gland or pars nervosa secretes two important hormones called

Accepted Answer

A)  vasopressin and prolactin. 
B)  ADH and melanophore-stimulating hormone. 
C)  vasopressin and oxytocin. 
D)  prolactin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone. 
E)  anti-diuretic hormone and prolactin. 
A)  vasopressin and prolactin. 
B)  ADH and melanophore-stimulating hormone. 
C)  vasopressin and oxytocin. 
D)  prolactin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone. 
E)  anti-diuretic hormone and prolactin.

Question 13

Production of gluconeogenic hormones is stimulated by

Accepted Answer

A)  release of an inhibitor from glucagon binding receptors. 
B)  insulin synthesis. 
C)  an increase in glucose oxidation. 
D)  a decrease in glycogen breakdown. 
E)  a fall in blood glucose levels. 
A)  release of an inhibitor from glucagon binding receptors. 
B)  insulin synthesis. 
C)  an increase in glucose oxidation. 
D)  a decrease in glycogen breakdown. 
E)  a fall in blood glucose levels.

Question 14

Peptide hormones act by

Accepted Answer

A)  binding to water-soluble receptors in the cytoplasm. 
B)  interacting with DNA to promote transcription. 
C)  binding to surface receptors, and frequently interact with a G-linked protein to produce a second messenger within the cell. 
D)  producing sustained metabolic effects rather than rapid enzyme cascades. 
E)  binding to nuclear receptors to initiate gene transcription. 
A)  binding to water-soluble receptors in the cytoplasm. 
B)  interacting with DNA to promote transcription. 
C)  binding to surface receptors, and frequently interact with a G-linked protein to produce a second messenger within the cell. 
D)  producing sustained metabolic effects rather than rapid enzyme cascades. 
E)  binding to nuclear receptors to initiate gene transcription.

Question 15

The main link between the endocrine system and the nervous system is the

Accepted Answer

A)  anterior pituitary gland. 
B)  posterior pituitary gland. 
C)  hypothalamus. 
D)  pancreas. 
E)  brain. 
A)  anterior pituitary gland. 
B)  posterior pituitary gland. 
C)  hypothalamus. 
D)  pancreas. 
E)  brain.

Question 16

The family of hormones produced by the corpora cardiaca, that mobilise fat at the onset of flight, are the

Accepted Answer

A)  adipokinetic hormones. 
B)  ecdysis-triggering hormones. 
C)  eclosion hormones. 
D)  prothoracicotropic hormones. 
E)  crustacean cardiactive peptide. 
A)  adipokinetic hormones. 
B)  ecdysis-triggering hormones. 
C)  eclosion hormones. 
D)  prothoracicotropic hormones. 
E)  crustacean cardiactive peptide.

Question 17

The thyroid gland is stimulated by

Accepted Answer

A)  thyroxine to release triiodothyronine. 
B)  thyrotrophic hormone to release thyroxine. 
C)  thyrotrophin-releasing hormone to release thyrotrophic hormone. 
D)  thyrotrophin-releasing hormone to release thyroxine. 
E)  TSH to release corticotropin-releasing hormone. 
A)  thyroxine to release triiodothyronine. 
B)  thyrotrophic hormone to release thyroxine. 
C)  thyrotrophin-releasing hormone to release thyrotrophic hormone. 
D)  thyrotrophin-releasing hormone to release thyroxine. 
E)  TSH to release corticotropin-releasing hormone.

Question 18

Pheromones are secretions that are

Accepted Answer

A)  endocrine. 
B)  exocrine. 
C)  paracrine. 
D)  autocrine. 
E)  None of the answers are correct. 
A)  endocrine. 
B)  exocrine. 
C)  paracrine. 
D)  autocrine. 
E)  None of the answers are correct.

Question 19

In humans, a condition known as thyrotoxicosis

Accepted Answer

A)  causes accumulation of water in subcutaneous fat. 
B)  is caused by lack of iodine. 
C)  lowers metabolic rate. 
D)  is a result of excessive thyroid hormone activity. 
E)  lowers heart rate and decreases blood pressure. 
A)  causes accumulation of water in subcutaneous fat. 
B)  is caused by lack of iodine. 
C)  lowers metabolic rate. 
D)  is a result of excessive thyroid hormone activity. 
E)  lowers heart rate and decreases blood pressure.

Question 20

In humans, the islets of Langerhans

Accepted Answer

A)  secrete insulin. 
B)  secrete glucagon. 
C)  secrete somatostatin. 
D)  are embedded in the pancreas. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  secrete insulin. 
B)  secrete glucagon. 
C)  secrete somatostatin. 
D)  are embedded in the pancreas. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Exam 28: Hormonal Control in Animals

How would a hydrophilic hormone NOT regulate target gene transcription?

Where do hypothalamic neurosecretions accumulate before being transported to the anterior pituitary gland?

Hormonal systems of invertebrates

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

Hormonal control systems of widely differing degrees of complexity are found in representatives of

Several diseases in humans are related to the malfunction of thyroid hormones, including

Which statement most accurately describes the function of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system? The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Animal hormones are

If a pancreas were to release bicarbonate, this could be in response to

Secretions of the pancreas into the duodenum are regarded as

Which of the following is NOT a hormone

In mammals, the posterior pituitary gland or pars nervosa secretes two important hormones called

Production of gluconeogenic hormones is stimulated by

Peptide hormones act by

The main link between the endocrine system and the nervous system is the

The family of hormones produced by the corpora cardiaca, that mobilise fat at the onset of flight, are the

The thyroid gland is stimulated by

Pheromones are secretions that are

In humans, a condition known as thyrotoxicosis

In humans, the islets of Langerhans

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