Question 1

The portion of the immunoglobulin molecule that binds to antigens is:

Accepted Answer

A) the Fab-fragment portion 
B) the Fc-fragment portion 
C) the hinge portion 
D) the disulfide-linkage portion 
A) the Fab-fragment portion 
B) the Fc-fragment portion 
C) the hinge portion 
D) the disulfide-linkage portion A

Question 2

Which immunoglobulin can cross the placental membrane?

Accepted Answer

A) IgA 
B) IgD 
C) IgM 
D) IgG 
A) IgA 
B) IgD 
C) IgM 
D) IgG D

Question 3

Considering the precipitation curve shown in Figure 7-5  in your textbook, which phase could result in reporting falsely low results?

Accepted Answer

A) the antibody excess phase 
B) the antigen-antibody equivalence phase 
C) the antigen excess phase 
D) none of the above; all phases would result in accurate laboratory analysis 
A) the antibody excess phase 
B) the antigen-antibody equivalence phase 
C) the antigen excess phase 
D) none of the above; all phases would result in accurate laboratory analysis C

Question 4

Is the following statement true or false? If false, identify the part of the statement that causes it to be false.
Kappa and lambda light chains differ in the amino-acid sequence of their constant regions.A given antibody always has two identical kappa light chains or two identical lambda light chains.An antibody molecule can never have both a kappa and a lambda chain.

Accepted Answer

A) true 
B) false, light chains have the same amino-acid sequence in their constant regions 
C) false, a given antibody can have different kappa or lambda light chains in the same molecule 
D) false, an antibody can have both a kappa and lambda light chain in the same molecule 
A) true 
B) false, light chains have the same amino-acid sequence in their constant regions 
C) false, a given antibody can have different kappa or lambda light chains in the same molecule 
D) false, an antibody can have both a kappa and lambda light chain in the same molecule

Question 5

When comparing an IgG molecule with a Fab fragment obtained from the same clonal population, the affinity for the antigen of interest would be ________, and the avidity of the two for the antigen of interest would be ________.

Accepted Answer

A) greater for the Fab fragment, the same 
B) the same, greater for the IgG molecule 
C) greater for the IgG molecule, greater for the Fab fragment 
D) the same, greater for the Fab fragment 
A) greater for the Fab fragment, the same 
B) the same, greater for the IgG molecule 
C) greater for the IgG molecule, greater for the Fab fragment 
D) the same, greater for the Fab fragment

Question 6

Which of the following statements best describes the region of the immunoglobulin molecule that is responsible for specific binding to the antigen?

Accepted Answer

A) The constant regions of the heavy and light chains in the Fab fragment interact to form a specific antigen-combining site. 
B) The variable regions of the light and heavy chains in the Fab fragment interact to form a specific antigen-combining site. 
C) The constant regions of the heavy and light chains in the Fc fragment interact to form a specific antigen-combining site. 
D) The variable regions of the light and heavy chains in the Fc fragment interact to form a specific antigen-combining site. 
A) The constant regions of the heavy and light chains in the Fab fragment interact to form a specific antigen-combining site. 
B) The variable regions of the light and heavy chains in the Fab fragment interact to form a specific antigen-combining site. 
C) The constant regions of the heavy and light chains in the Fc fragment interact to form a specific antigen-combining site. 
D) The variable regions of the light and heavy chains in the Fc fragment interact to form a specific antigen-combining site.

Question 7

Which immunoglobulin may be associated with lymphocyte differentiation?

Accepted Answer

A) IgM 
B) IgA 
C) IgG 
D) IgD 
A) IgM 
B) IgA 
C) IgG 
D) IgD

Question 8

Haptens are:

Accepted Answer

A) low-molecular-weight compounds that are unable to induce an antibody response alone 
B) low-molecular-weight compounds that can induce an immune response when coupled to higher-molecular-weight immunogenic carriers 
C) low-molecular-weight compounds that can react with antibodies 
D) all of the above 
A) low-molecular-weight compounds that are unable to induce an antibody response alone 
B) low-molecular-weight compounds that can induce an immune response when coupled to higher-molecular-weight immunogenic carriers 
C) low-molecular-weight compounds that can react with antibodies 
D) all of the above

Question 9

In the laboratory analysis for amphetamine using antigen and antibody interactions as the basis for measurement, there is concern of cross-reactivity with the over-the-counter drug pseudoephedrine.What is the basis for this concern?

Accepted Answer

A) Pseudoephedrine may have a similar antigenic determinant site as amphetamine, since their chemical structures have some similarity. 
B) Pseudoephedrine may block the weak, noncovalent forces that operate between antigen and antibody. 
C) Pseudoephedrine may react with amphetamine to produce a product that is not recognized by the antibody. 
D) Pseudoephedrine and amphetamine will not fit into the antibody-binding site at the same time. 
A) Pseudoephedrine may have a similar antigenic determinant site as amphetamine, since their chemical structures have some similarity. 
B) Pseudoephedrine may block the weak, noncovalent forces that operate between antigen and antibody. 
C) Pseudoephedrine may react with amphetamine to produce a product that is not recognized by the antibody. 
D) Pseudoephedrine and amphetamine will not fit into the antibody-binding site at the same time.

Question 10

Which of the following antigenic determinants would be the most reactive?

Accepted Answer

A) an antigenic determinant located in the core of a spatially folded molecule 
B) a sequential antigenic determinant 
C) an antigenic determinant located on the surface of a spatially folded molecule 
D) the exposed antigenic determinant of a denatured protein 
A) an antigenic determinant located in the core of a spatially folded molecule 
B) a sequential antigenic determinant 
C) an antigenic determinant located on the surface of a spatially folded molecule 
D) the exposed antigenic determinant of a denatured protein

Question 11

The portion of an antigen involved in a reaction with an antibody is known as the ____ site, and the number of these sites on an antigen is known as the antigen's _______.

Accepted Answer

A) equivalence, valency 
B) equivalence, complexity 
C) antigenic determinant, valency 
D) antigenic determinant, complexity 
A) equivalence, valency 
B) equivalence, complexity 
C) antigenic determinant, valency 
D) antigenic determinant, complexity

Question 12

Considering the noncovalent forces that contribute to antigen and antibody attraction, ________ are the strongest and most important contributors to antigen and antibody attraction, whereas ________ are the weakest contributors to this attraction.

Accepted Answer

A) electrostatic forces, van der Waals forces 
B) hydrogen bonds, electrostatic forces 
C) van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds 
D) electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonds 
A) electrostatic forces, van der Waals forces 
B) hydrogen bonds, electrostatic forces 
C) van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds 
D) electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonds

Question 13

Which immunoglobulin exists primarily as a pentamer and is the predominate immunoglobulin in the initial immune response to an antigen?

Accepted Answer

A) IgM 
B) IgE 
C) IgA 
D) IgD 
A) IgM 
B) IgE 
C) IgA 
D) IgD

Question 14

Which immunoglobulin is associated with the physiological manifestations of allergy?

Accepted Answer

A) IgG 
B) IgA 
C) IgE 
D) IgM 
A) IgG 
B) IgA 
C) IgE 
D) IgM

Question 15

IgG is known to fix complement, which aids in the lysis or elimination of foreign materials.Molecules in the IgG subclasses differ in their ability to fix complement.Which IgG subclass is the most active in complement fixation?

Accepted Answer

A) IgG-1 
B) IgG-2 
C) IgG-3 
D) IgG-4 
A) IgG-1 
B) IgG-2 
C) IgG-3 
D) IgG-4

Question 16

The most potent antigens are macromolecules with molecular weights greater than:

Accepted Answer

A) 1000 daltons 
B) 10,000 daltons 
C) 50,000 daltons 
D) 100,000 daltons 
A) 1000 daltons 
B) 10,000 daltons 
C) 50,000 daltons 
D) 100,000 daltons

Question 17

Which immunoglobulin is the predominant immunoglobulin in body secretions such as saliva and sweat?

Accepted Answer

A) IgE 
B) IgA 
C) IgD 
D) IgG 
A) IgE 
B) IgA 
C) IgD 
D) IgG

Question 18

In gel precipitation methods, the rate of diffusion is ________ to molecular size and _______ to concentration.

Accepted Answer

A) inversely proportional, inversely proportional 
B) directly proportional, inversely proportional 
C) inversely proportional, directly proportional 
D) directly proportional, directly proportional 
A) inversely proportional, inversely proportional 
B) directly proportional, inversely proportional 
C) inversely proportional, directly proportional 
D) directly proportional, directly proportional

Question 19

In radial immunodiffusion, calibrators of known concentration are analyzed along with the patient sample to allow for the quantification of antigens as illustrated in Figure 7-9 in your text book.Suppose the diameter of the precipitation ring for the highest calibrator was less than the diameter for the next highest calibrator.Which of the following statements describes the likely cause for this problem?

Accepted Answer

A) The incubation temperature was not kept constant. 
B) The concentration of the antibody in the gel was too high for the concentration of the highest calibrator. 
C) Because the concentration of the highest calibrator is so high, diffusion through the pores of the gel was restricted. 
D) The concentration of the highest calibrator was greater than the concentration of the antibody in the gel. 
A) The incubation temperature was not kept constant. 
B) The concentration of the antibody in the gel was too high for the concentration of the highest calibrator. 
C) Because the concentration of the highest calibrator is so high, diffusion through the pores of the gel was restricted. 
D) The concentration of the highest calibrator was greater than the concentration of the antibody in the gel.

Question 20

Antibodies are ______ that are produced by the _______.

Accepted Answer

A) lipids, adipose cells 
B) carbohydrates, bone marrow cells 
C) nucleic acids, hepatocytes 
D) proteins, B lymphocytes 
A) lipids, adipose cells 
B) carbohydrates, bone marrow cells 
C) nucleic acids, hepatocytes 
D) proteins, B lymphocytes

Exam 7: Immunological Reactions

The portion of the immunoglobulin molecule that binds to antigens is:

Which immunoglobulin can cross the placental membrane?

Considering the precipitation curve shown in Figure 7-5 in your textbook, which phase could result in reporting falsely low results?

When comparing an IgG molecule with a Fab fragment obtained from the same clonal population, the affinity for the antigen of interest would be ________, and the avidity of the two for the antigen of interest would be ________.

Which of the following statements best describes the region of the immunoglobulin molecule that is responsible for specific binding to the antigen?

Which immunoglobulin may be associated with lymphocyte differentiation?

Haptens are:

In the laboratory analysis for amphetamine using antigen and antibody interactions as the basis for measurement, there is concern of cross-reactivity with the over-the-counter drug pseudoephedrine.What is the basis for this concern?

Which of the following antigenic determinants would be the most reactive?

The portion of an antigen involved in a reaction with an antibody is known as the ____ site, and the number of these sites on an antigen is known as the antigen's _______.

Considering the noncovalent forces that contribute to antigen and antibody attraction, ________ are the strongest and most important contributors to antigen and antibody attraction, whereas ________ are the weakest contributors to this attraction.

Which immunoglobulin exists primarily as a pentamer and is the predominate immunoglobulin in the initial immune response to an antigen?

Which immunoglobulin is associated with the physiological manifestations of allergy?

IgG is known to fix complement, which aids in the lysis or elimination of foreign materials.Molecules in the IgG subclasses differ in their ability to fix complement.Which IgG subclass is the most active in complement fixation?

The most potent antigens are macromolecules with molecular weights greater than:

Which immunoglobulin is the predominant immunoglobulin in body secretions such as saliva and sweat?

In gel precipitation methods, the rate of diffusion is ________ to molecular size and _______ to concentration.

Antibodies are ______ that are produced by the _______.

Basic Laboratory Principles and Techniques

Spectral Techniques

Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry: Theory, Practice, and Instrumentation

Chromatographic Techniques

Laboratory Analysis of Hemoglobin Variants

Electrophoresis

Immunochemical Techniques

Principles for Competitive-Binding Assays

Laboratory Approaches to Serology Testing

Measurement of Colligative Properties

Electrochemistry: Principles and Measurement

Molecular Diagnostics

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Clinical Enzymology

Protein Isoforms: Isoenzymes and Isoforms

Interferences in Chemical Analysis

Sources and Control of Preanalytical Variation

Laboratory Management

Laboratory Automation

Point-Of-Care Near-Patient Testing

Laboratory Information Systems

Laboratory Statistics

Reference Intervals and Clinical Decision Limits

Quality Control for the Clinical Chemistry Laboratory

Evaluation of Methods

Classification and Description of Proteins, Lipids, and Carbohydrates

Physiology and Pathophysiology of Body Water and Electrolytes

Acid-Base Control and Acid-Base Disorders

Renal Function

Liver Function

Diagnosis of Viral Hepatitis

Bone Disease

The Pancreas: Function and Chemical Pathology

Gastrointestinal Function

Cardiac and Muscle Disease

Coronary Artery Disease: Lipid Metabolism

Diabetes Mellitus

Iron and Porphyrin Metabolism

Hemoglobin

Human Nutrition

Trace Metals

Vitamins

Pregnancy and Fetal Development

The Newborn

Extravascular Biological Fluids

Nervous System

General Endocrinology

Thyroid

The Gonads

Adrenal Hormones and Hypertension

Diseases of Genetic Origin

Neoplasia

Laboratory Evaluation of the Transplant Recipient

Toxicology

Addiction and Substance Abuse

Filters

When comparing an IgG molecule with a Fab fragment obtained from the same clonal population, the affinity for the antigen of interest would be , and the avidity of the two for the antigen of interest would be .

The portion of an antigen involved in a reaction with an antibody is known as the site, and the number of these sites on an antigen is known as the antigen's ___.

Considering the noncovalent forces that contribute to antigen and antibody attraction, are the strongest and most important contributors to antigen and antibody attraction, whereas are the weakest contributors to this attraction.

In gel precipitation methods, the rate of diffusion is __ to molecular size and _ to concentration.

Antibodies are that are produced by the _.