Question 1

Studying participants in a real life situation would be most likely to help an investigation's

Accepted Answer

A)  external validity 
B)  internal validity 
C)  both a and b 
D)  neither a nor b 
A)  external validity 
B)  internal validity 
C)  both a and b 
D)  neither a nor b A

Question 2

Matching on pretest scores makes the study vulnerable to:

Accepted Answer

A)  selection 
B)  selection by maturation 
C)  maturation 
D)  history 
A)  selection 
B)  selection by maturation 
C)  maturation 
D)  history B

Question 3

External validity is to internal validity as _______ is to _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  rigor; relevance 
B)  cause; generality 
C)  generality; cause 
D)  control; measurement 
A)  rigor; relevance 
B)  cause; generality 
C)  generality; cause 
D)  control; measurement C

Question 4

Distinguish between testing and instrumentation.

Accepted Answer

Testing and instrumentation are two rela

Question 5

Which is the most serious source of error in a study that compares a treatment group to a no-treatment group?

Accepted Answer

A)  mortality 
B)  regression 
C)  selection 
D)  testing 
A)  mortality 
B)  regression 
C)  selection 
D)  testing

Question 6

In terms of internal validity, which of the following is NOT a problem with matching?

Accepted Answer

A)  You can't find participants who are identical in every respect. 
B)  You can't measure and match subjects on every single variable. 
C)  You probably won't know every single relevant variable that subjects should be matched on. 
D)  You have to throw out subjects who don't match up with any of your other subjects, resulting in mortality. 
A)  You can't find participants who are identical in every respect. 
B)  You can't measure and match subjects on every single variable. 
C)  You probably won't know every single relevant variable that subjects should be matched on. 
D)  You have to throw out subjects who don't match up with any of your other subjects, resulting in mortality.

Question 7

To test the effect of a new teaching procedure, a professor asks some of her students to volunteer to enter an experimental section of the course. The experimental section does better than the standard section. There is a strong possibility that this result may be due to ________ .

Accepted Answer

A)  testing 
B)  regression 
C)  selection 
D)  mortality 
A)  testing 
B)  regression 
C)  selection 
D)  mortality

Question 8

Suppose that an investigator tested the treatment and no-treatment groups at very different times and in different places. In addition to the typical threats to the two-group design, the investigator would have to worry about ____, a threat to internal validity that usually doesn't trouble researchers who use a two-group design.

Accepted Answer

A)  instrumentation 
B)  selection 
C)  regression 
D)  history 
A)  instrumentation 
B)  selection 
C)  regression 
D)  history

Question 9

The best way to rule out selection bias is to have research participants select which group they will be in.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Studying participants in a highly controlled lab situation might help an investigation's

Accepted Answer

A)  external validity 
B)  internal validity 
C)  both a and b 
D)  neither a nor b 
A)  external validity 
B)  internal validity 
C)  both a and b 
D)  neither a nor b

Question 11

The fact that taking a pretest may affect posttest scores is called testing.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

In a two-group study, in which participants are matched on a measure that has much random measurement error (had poor reliability), which of the following would be the most serious threat to the study's validity?

Accepted Answer

A)  history 
B)  regression 
C)  testing 
D)  instrumentation 
A)  history 
B)  regression 
C)  testing 
D)  instrumentation

Question 13

The instrumentation threat is most frequently due to changes in

Accepted Answer

A)  participants 
B)  the recording equipment 
C)  human raters 
D)  temperature and humidity 
A)  participants 
B)  the recording equipment 
C)  human raters 
D)  temperature and humidity

Question 14

To establish internal validity, you have to show that

Accepted Answer

A)  changes in the first variable are followed by changes in the second variable 
B)  the changes in the second variable couldn't be caused by any variable other than the first variable 
C)  the measures used are valid 
D)  both a and b 
A)  changes in the first variable are followed by changes in the second variable 
B)  the changes in the second variable couldn't be caused by any variable other than the first variable 
C)  the measures used are valid 
D)  both a and b

Question 15

In a longitudinal study that compares the effects of a memory training in a group of 9-year-olds and a group of 70-year-olds, selection by maturation could be a major threat to the internal validity of the study.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Which of the following is a threat to internal validity in studies that match on pretest scores?

Accepted Answer

A)  selection by maturation 
B)  regression 
C)  mortality 
D)  all of the above 
A)  selection by maturation 
B)  regression 
C)  mortality 
D)  all of the above

Question 17

Distinguish between maturation and history.

Accepted Answer

Maturation refers to the natural process

Question 18

Campbell and Stanley (1966) identified ___ threats to internal validity.

Accepted Answer

A)  two 
B)  four 
C)  six 
D)  eight 
A)  two 
B)  four 
C)  six 
D)  eight

Question 19

Matching on pretest scores makes a study vulnerable to:

Accepted Answer

A)  regression effects 
B)  selection by maturation effects 
C)  both a and b 
D)  neither a nor b 
A)  regression effects 
B)  selection by maturation effects 
C)  both a and b 
D)  neither a nor b

Question 20

What steps taken to improve internal validity may hurt external validity? Why? How could you justify boosting internal validity at the expense of external validity?

Accepted Answer

Improving internal validity often involv

Studying participants in a real life situation would be most likely to help an investigation's

Matching on pretest scores makes the study vulnerable to:

External validity is to internal validity as _ is to _.

Distinguish between testing and instrumentation.

Which is the most serious source of error in a study that compares a treatment group to a no-treatment group?

In terms of internal validity, which of the following is NOT a problem with matching?

To test the effect of a new teaching procedure, a professor asks some of her students to volunteer to enter an experimental section of the course. The experimental section does better than the standard section. There is a strong possibility that this result may be due to ________ .

The best way to rule out selection bias is to have research participants select which group they will be in.

Studying participants in a highly controlled lab situation might help an investigation's

The fact that taking a pretest may affect posttest scores is called testing.

In a two-group study, in which participants are matched on a measure that has much random measurement error (had poor reliability), which of the following would be the most serious threat to the study's validity?

The instrumentation threat is most frequently due to changes in

To establish internal validity, you have to show that

In a longitudinal study that compares the effects of a memory training in a group of 9-year-olds and a group of 70-year-olds, selection by maturation could be a major threat to the internal validity of the study.

Which of the following is a threat to internal validity in studies that match on pretest scores?

Distinguish between maturation and history.

Campbell and Stanley (1966) identified ___ threats to internal validity.

Matching on pretest scores makes a study vulnerable to:

What steps taken to improve internal validity may hurt external validity? Why? How could you justify boosting internal validity at the expense of external validity?

Psychology, Science, and You

Ethics and Validity

Generating Research Hypotheses

Reading and Evaluating Research

Measuring and Manipulating Variables: Reliability and Validity

Choosing the Best Measure for Your Study

Introduction to Descriptive Methods

Survey Research

The Simple Experiment

Expanding the Simple Experiment: The Multiple Group Experiment

Expanding the Simple Experiment: Factorial Designs

Within-Subjects Designs

Single-N Experiments and Quasi-Experiments

Writing Research Proposals and Reports

Appendix E: Using Theory to Generate Research Hypotheses

Filters

Exam 9: Internal Validity

Studying participants in a real life situation would be most likely to help an investigation's

Matching on pretest scores makes the study vulnerable to:

External validity is to internal validity as _______ is to _______.

Distinguish between testing and instrumentation.

Which is the most serious source of error in a study that compares a treatment group to a no-treatment group?

In terms of internal validity, which of the following is NOT a problem with matching?

To test the effect of a new teaching procedure, a professor asks some of her students to volunteer to enter an experimental section of the course. The experimental section does better than the standard section. There is a strong possibility that this result may be due to ________ .

The best way to rule out selection bias is to have research participants select which group they will be in.

Studying participants in a highly controlled lab situation might help an investigation's

The fact that taking a pretest may affect posttest scores is called testing.

In a two-group study, in which participants are matched on a measure that has much random measurement error (had poor reliability), which of the following would be the most serious threat to the study's validity?

The instrumentation threat is most frequently due to changes in

To establish internal validity, you have to show that

In a longitudinal study that compares the effects of a memory training in a group of 9-year-olds and a group of 70-year-olds, selection by maturation could be a major threat to the internal validity of the study.

Which of the following is a threat to internal validity in studies that match on pretest scores?

Distinguish between maturation and history.

Campbell and Stanley (1966) identified ___ threats to internal validity.

Matching on pretest scores makes a study vulnerable to:

What steps taken to improve internal validity may hurt external validity? Why? How could you justify boosting internal validity at the expense of external validity?

Psychology, Science, and You

Ethics and Validity

Generating Research Hypotheses

Reading and Evaluating Research

Measuring and Manipulating Variables: Reliability and Validity

Choosing the Best Measure for Your Study

Introduction to Descriptive Methods

Survey Research

The Simple Experiment

Expanding the Simple Experiment: The Multiple Group Experiment

Expanding the Simple Experiment: Factorial Designs

Within-Subjects Designs

Single-N Experiments and Quasi-Experiments

Writing Research Proposals and Reports

Appendix E: Using Theory to Generate Research Hypotheses

Filters

External validity is to internal validity as _ is to _.