Question 1

Which of the following types of mimicry does NOT occur in nature?

Accepted Answer

A)  Imitation of an aversive species by an innocuous one. 
B)  Imitation of an innocuous species by an aversive one. 
C)  Mimicry in which two or more distasteful species resemble one another. 
D)  Mimicry in which markings mimic the appearance of vertebrates' eyes. 
A)  Imitation of an aversive species by an innocuous one. 
B)  Imitation of an innocuous species by an aversive one. 
C)  Mimicry in which two or more distasteful species resemble one another. 
D)  Mimicry in which markings mimic the appearance of vertebrates' eyes. B

Question 2

John Endler's (1978) definition of an animal's ability to match background color as resulting from the animal's resemblance to a random sample of the visual background provides us with

Accepted Answer

A)  a way to quantify the similarity between prey coloration and its background. 
B)  the answer to questions regarding the function of the coloration. 
C)  the most successful definition yet suggested. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  a way to quantify the similarity between prey coloration and its background. 
B)  the answer to questions regarding the function of the coloration. 
C)  the most successful definition yet suggested. 
D)  all of the above. A

Question 3

Monarch butterflies, dendrobatid frogs, and some social wasps are examples of animals that

Accepted Answer

A)  are very brightly colored. 
B)  display aposematic coloration. 
C)  possess significant toxins within their bodies. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  are very brightly colored. 
B)  display aposematic coloration. 
C)  possess significant toxins within their bodies. 
D)  all of the above. D

Question 4

The fact that many animals have dark backs and light bellies is referred to as _____ and is proposed to achieve camouflage by means of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  countershading; self-shadow concealment. 
B)  disruptive coloration; high contrast concealment. 
C)  transparency; invisibility. 
D)  any of the above. 
A)  countershading; self-shadow concealment. 
B)  disruptive coloration; high contrast concealment. 
C)  transparency; invisibility. 
D)  any of the above.

Question 5

Once a prey animal has been discovered and attack appears imminent, which of the following is likely to be of LEAST use?

Accepted Answer

A)  a false head. 
B)  autotomy. 
C)  disruptive coloration. 
D)  feigning death. 
A)  a false head. 
B)  autotomy. 
C)  disruptive coloration. 
D)  feigning death.

Question 6

Reimchen (1989) first described a system of Batesian mimicry involving the juvenile stage of a snail and the tubes of a polychaete worm, where, overall, white-spiral snails (rather than yellow or brown, and which are virtually indistinguishable from the tubes of a polychaete worm) suffered the lowest number of attacks and the reduction in attacks was greater on fronds with polychaete tubes (9.4%) than on fronds devoid of tubes (22.9%). This type of mimicry appears to offer a protective advantage to the snail because the

Accepted Answer

A)  polychaete tubes are difficult for the predator fish to remove from the substrate. 
B)  polychaete tubes are noxious to the predator fish. 
C)  tubes of the polychaetes are always occupied once the predator fish manage to remove them. 
D)  tubes of the polychaetes are highly toxic to predator fish. 
A)  polychaete tubes are difficult for the predator fish to remove from the substrate. 
B)  polychaete tubes are noxious to the predator fish. 
C)  tubes of the polychaetes are always occupied once the predator fish manage to remove them. 
D)  tubes of the polychaetes are highly toxic to predator fish.

Question 7

Feltmate and Williams (1989) allowed stone nymphs (insects that are dark brown to black in color) an opportunity to settle on either a dark brown or a light gray piece of tile in their aquarium.

Accepted Answer

A)  When the aquarium was dark, the nymphs displayed no preference between the tiles. 
B)  When the aquarium was dark, the nymphs preferred to settle on the dark brown tile. 
C)  When the aquarium was lighted, the nymphs displayed no preference between the tiles. 
D)  When the aquarium was lighted, the nymphs preferred to settle on the light gray tile. 
A)  When the aquarium was dark, the nymphs displayed no preference between the tiles. 
B)  When the aquarium was dark, the nymphs preferred to settle on the dark brown tile. 
C)  When the aquarium was lighted, the nymphs displayed no preference between the tiles. 
D)  When the aquarium was lighted, the nymphs preferred to settle on the light gray tile.

Question 8

The peacock butterfly (Inachis io), when disturbed, flicks open its wings while emitting a hissing sound. The wing flicking serves to expose

Accepted Answer

A)  a false head. 
B)  bright, aposematic coloration. 
C)  four large eyespots. 
D)  small hooks on the wings that serve as weapons. 
A)  a false head. 
B)  bright, aposematic coloration. 
C)  four large eyespots. 
D)  small hooks on the wings that serve as weapons.

Question 9

Terrick and colleagues (1995) offered garter snakes (Thamnophis radix) fish presented on aposematically colored forceps or fish presented on nonaposematically colored forceps. The snakes were then injected with lithium chloride, which made them ill. The snakes that had been offered fish on aposematically colored forceps had a much longer-lasting aversion to fish than those that had been offered fish on the nonaposematically colored forceps. This suggests that the response of at least some predators to aposematic coloration may be

Accepted Answer

A)  innate. 
B)  instantaneous. 
C)  largely based on the olfactory system. 
D)  learned. 
A)  innate. 
B)  instantaneous. 
C)  largely based on the olfactory system. 
D)  learned.

Question 10

Masquerade, as a form of camouflage, differs from the other forms because the prey may be detected but deemed inedible by predators. A particularly common disguise adopted by a variety of species is to resemble

Accepted Answer

A)  flowers. 
B)  leaves. 
C)  rocks. 
D)  water. 
A)  flowers. 
B)  leaves. 
C)  rocks. 
D)  water.

Question 11

A tendency for predators to aggregate in areas where prey are abundant, and the presence of parasitoids and pathogens in large social groups may serve to weaken the antipredator benefit of

Accepted Answer

A)  alarm signaling. 
B)  mobbing. 
C)  pronouncements of vigilance. 
D)  the dilution effect. 
A)  alarm signaling. 
B)  mobbing. 
C)  pronouncements of vigilance. 
D)  the dilution effect.

Question 12

Endler (1978) found that among wild populations of guppies (Peocilia reticulata), when predation pressure is low, the males shift to

Accepted Answer

A)  increases in diversity of colors and patterns. 
B)  less conspicuous colors. 
C)  reductions in the number of spots. 
D)  reductions in the size of spots. 
A)  increases in diversity of colors and patterns. 
B)  less conspicuous colors. 
C)  reductions in the number of spots. 
D)  reductions in the size of spots.

Question 13

Predators sometimes develop a search image, a heightened ability to detect a prey species, rendering background matching a less than completely successful camouflage strategy. Some prey species have developed ways to get around the problem of search images by having individuals within the prey species

Accepted Answer

A)  assume more conspicuous coloration. 
B)  disperse. 
C)  occur at widely spaced locations. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  assume more conspicuous coloration. 
B)  disperse. 
C)  occur at widely spaced locations. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 14

Mimics practicing Batesian mimicry tend to fare better when

Accepted Answer

A)  mimics and models are encountered simultaneously. 
B)  predators don't have particularly good memories. 
C)  the mimic is plentiful, but the model is rare. 
D)  the model is extremely distasteful. 
A)  mimics and models are encountered simultaneously. 
B)  predators don't have particularly good memories. 
C)  the mimic is plentiful, but the model is rare. 
D)  the model is extremely distasteful.

Question 15

Merilaita and Lind (2005) used artificial prey and an artificial background, but real avian predators, to test the hypothesis that background matching is maximized when coloration visually matches a random sample of the background. They used two types of prey patterns as experimental stimuli, one type judged difficult to detect and another type judged easy to detect. Prior to the actual experiment, "ease of detection" for the two prey types was judged by

Accepted Answer

A)  a computer program. 
B)  birds. 
C)  both humans and birds. 
D)  humans. 
A)  a computer program. 
B)  birds. 
C)  both humans and birds. 
D)  humans.

Question 16

If two morphs are equally camouflaged in a given environment, but one is common and the other is rare, which will have a selective advantage?

Accepted Answer

A)  It depends on the nature of the background coloration. 
B)  Neither. Both morphs should experience an equivalent selection ratio. 
C)  The common morph. 
D)  The rare morph. 
A)  It depends on the nature of the background coloration. 
B)  Neither. Both morphs should experience an equivalent selection ratio. 
C)  The common morph. 
D)  The rare morph.

Question 17

Antipredator behavior

Accepted Answer

A)  has a low cost to benefit ratio. 
B)  is a significant drain on the energies of animals living in captivity. 
C)  is likely to decline if a local predator becomes extinct. 
D)  will be maintained at a high level even if threat of predation is removed. 
A)  has a low cost to benefit ratio. 
B)  is a significant drain on the energies of animals living in captivity. 
C)  is likely to decline if a local predator becomes extinct. 
D)  will be maintained at a high level even if threat of predation is removed.

Question 18

Research evidence suggests that background matching is comprised of

Accepted Answer

A)  active selection of an appropriately colored background. 
B)  exhibition of a specific, appropriate behavior. 
C)  possession of an appropriate body color or pattern. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  active selection of an appropriately colored background. 
B)  exhibition of a specific, appropriate behavior. 
C)  possession of an appropriate body color or pattern. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 19

Braude and colleagues (2001) studied the behavior of naked mole-rats both in captivity and in the field and found that most-but not all-naked mole rats are countershaded, with only queens, the small number of breeding males, newborns, and very old animals being completely pink. Taken together, their data were most consistent with the idea that the countershading is related to

Accepted Answer

A)  camouflage. 
B)  protection from skin abrasions. 
C)  protection from ultraviolet light. 
D)  thermoregulation. 
A)  camouflage. 
B)  protection from skin abrasions. 
C)  protection from ultraviolet light. 
D)  thermoregulation.

Question 20

Antipredator tools such as alarm signals or improved predator detection are of benefit

Accepted Answer

A)  only to family-based groups. 
B)  only to groups with relatively permanent members. 
C)  to individual animals dispersed widely throughout their habitat. 
D)  to mixed species groups. 
A)  only to family-based groups. 
B)  only to groups with relatively permanent members. 
C)  to individual animals dispersed widely throughout their habitat. 
D)  to mixed species groups.

Which of the following types of mimicry does NOT occur in nature?

John Endler's (1978) definition of an animal's ability to match background color as resulting from the animal's resemblance to a random sample of the visual background provides us with

Monarch butterflies, dendrobatid frogs, and some social wasps are examples of animals that

The fact that many animals have dark backs and light bellies is referred to as _ and is proposed to achieve camouflage by means of _.

Once a prey animal has been discovered and attack appears imminent, which of the following is likely to be of LEAST use?

Feltmate and Williams (1989) allowed stone nymphs (insects that are dark brown to black in color) an opportunity to settle on either a dark brown or a light gray piece of tile in their aquarium.

The peacock butterfly (Inachis io), when disturbed, flicks open its wings while emitting a hissing sound. The wing flicking serves to expose

Masquerade, as a form of camouflage, differs from the other forms because the prey may be detected but deemed inedible by predators. A particularly common disguise adopted by a variety of species is to resemble

A tendency for predators to aggregate in areas where prey are abundant, and the presence of parasitoids and pathogens in large social groups may serve to weaken the antipredator benefit of

Endler (1978) found that among wild populations of guppies (Peocilia reticulata), when predation pressure is low, the males shift to

Mimics practicing Batesian mimicry tend to fare better when

If two morphs are equally camouflaged in a given environment, but one is common and the other is rare, which will have a selective advantage?

Antipredator behavior

Research evidence suggests that background matching is comprised of

Antipredator tools such as alarm signals or improved predator detection are of benefit

Introduction

Approaches to the Study of Animal Behavior

Genetic Analysis of Behavior

Natural Selection and Behavior

Learning and Cognition

Physiological Analysis-Nerve Cells and Behavior

Physiological Analysis of Behavior- the Endocrine System

The Development of Behavior

Biological Clocks

Mechanisms of Orientation and Behavior

The Ecology and Evolution of Spiral Distribution

Foraging Behavior

Reproductive Behavior

Parental Care and Mating Systems

Communications: Channels and Functions

The Evolution of Communication

Conflict

Group Living, Altruism, and Cooperation

Filters

Exam 13: Antipredator Behavior

Which of the following types of mimicry does NOT occur in nature?

John Endler's (1978) definition of an animal's ability to match background color as resulting from the animal's resemblance to a random sample of the visual background provides us with

Monarch butterflies, dendrobatid frogs, and some social wasps are examples of animals that

The fact that many animals have dark backs and light bellies is referred to as _____ and is proposed to achieve camouflage by means of _____.

Once a prey animal has been discovered and attack appears imminent, which of the following is likely to be of LEAST use?

Feltmate and Williams (1989) allowed stone nymphs (insects that are dark brown to black in color) an opportunity to settle on either a dark brown or a light gray piece of tile in their aquarium.

The peacock butterfly (Inachis io), when disturbed, flicks open its wings while emitting a hissing sound. The wing flicking serves to expose

Masquerade, as a form of camouflage, differs from the other forms because the prey may be detected but deemed inedible by predators. A particularly common disguise adopted by a variety of species is to resemble

A tendency for predators to aggregate in areas where prey are abundant, and the presence of parasitoids and pathogens in large social groups may serve to weaken the antipredator benefit of

Endler (1978) found that among wild populations of guppies (Peocilia reticulata), when predation pressure is low, the males shift to

Mimics practicing Batesian mimicry tend to fare better when

If two morphs are equally camouflaged in a given environment, but one is common and the other is rare, which will have a selective advantage?

Antipredator behavior

Research evidence suggests that background matching is comprised of

Antipredator tools such as alarm signals or improved predator detection are of benefit

Introduction

Approaches to the Study of Animal Behavior

Genetic Analysis of Behavior

Natural Selection and Behavior

Learning and Cognition

Physiological Analysis-Nerve Cells and Behavior

Physiological Analysis of Behavior- the Endocrine System

The Development of Behavior

Biological Clocks

Mechanisms of Orientation and Behavior

The Ecology and Evolution of Spiral Distribution

Foraging Behavior

Reproductive Behavior

Parental Care and Mating Systems

Communications: Channels and Functions

The Evolution of Communication

Conflict

Group Living, Altruism, and Cooperation

Filters

The fact that many animals have dark backs and light bellies is referred to as _ and is proposed to achieve camouflage by means of _.