Question 1

Experiments on pigeons (Columba livia) have shown that they are able to form concepts such as

Accepted Answer

A)  "paintings by Monet" vs. "paintings by Picassso". 
B)  "people". 
C)  "water". 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  "paintings by Monet" vs. "paintings by Picassso". 
B)  "people". 
C)  "water". 
D)  all of the above. D

Question 2

Which of the following statements about social learning is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  All individual members of the population are probably capable of learning appropriate responses on their own. 
B)  Most types of learning can occur only in groups. 
C)  Social learning is generally a safer way to learn about the world than is individual learning. 
D)  Social learning is more efficient than individual trial-and-error learning. 
A)  All individual members of the population are probably capable of learning appropriate responses on their own. 
B)  Most types of learning can occur only in groups. 
C)  Social learning is generally a safer way to learn about the world than is individual learning. 
D)  Social learning is more efficient than individual trial-and-error learning. B

Question 3

Pepperberg (1994) has shown that Alex, an African grey parrot, can correctly report, for example, the way in which a green, wooden triangle and a blue, wooden triangle differ from one another. These experiments suggest that at least some nonprimates may be able to acquire

Accepted Answer

A)  concepts. 
B)  contingencies. 
C)  insights. 
D)  operants. 
A)  concepts. 
B)  contingencies. 
C)  insights. 
D)  operants. A

Question 4

Habituation occurs

Accepted Answer

A)  primarily in simple organisms such as clamworms and crabs because it is such a simple form of learning. 
B)  primarily in moderately complex organisms such as birds and fish because it allows conservation of energy in moderately complex environments. 
C)  primarily in complex mammals, including humans, because it allows attention to be focused on the most important aspects of a complex environment. 
D)  throughout the animal kingdom because it accomplishes all of the aforementioned functions. 
A)  primarily in simple organisms such as clamworms and crabs because it is such a simple form of learning. 
B)  primarily in moderately complex organisms such as birds and fish because it allows conservation of energy in moderately complex environments. 
C)  primarily in complex mammals, including humans, because it allows attention to be focused on the most important aspects of a complex environment. 
D)  throughout the animal kingdom because it accomplishes all of the aforementioned functions.

Question 5

We need to describe learning as a change in the probability that a certain behavior will occur because learned behaviors

Accepted Answer

A)  are always performed immediately. 
B)  are not directly observable. 
C)  may not be performed every time the opportunity presents itself. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  are always performed immediately. 
B)  are not directly observable. 
C)  may not be performed every time the opportunity presents itself. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 6

In latent learning, the subjects learn

Accepted Answer

A)  an important new skill, even if they don't have the opportunity to perform it right away. 
B)  how to share important information with conspecifics through coded signals. 
C)  important characteristics of the environment even during unrewarded explorations. 
D)  which conspecifics to attend to as models for appropriate responses in the future. 
A)  an important new skill, even if they don't have the opportunity to perform it right away. 
B)  how to share important information with conspecifics through coded signals. 
C)  important characteristics of the environment even during unrewarded explorations. 
D)  which conspecifics to attend to as models for appropriate responses in the future.

Question 7

Once you have your dog trained to sit on command, you will want to put her on a(n) _____ reinforcement schedule in order to maintain the response even if it is not reinforced every time.

Accepted Answer

A)  continuous 
B)  extinction 
C)  fixed ratio 
D)  variable ratio 
A)  continuous 
B)  extinction 
C)  fixed ratio 
D)  variable ratio

Question 8

Which of the following terms is closest in meaning to the word "shaping" as it is used in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  cumulative record 
B)  extinction 
C)  schedule of reinforcement 
D)  successive approximations 
A)  cumulative record 
B)  extinction 
C)  schedule of reinforcement 
D)  successive approximations

Question 9

Negative reinforcement produces a(n) _____ in response rate.

Accepted Answer

A)  decrease 
B)  increase 
C)  plateau 
D)  unpredictable change 
A)  decrease 
B)  increase 
C)  plateau 
D)  unpredictable change

Question 10

Karen Hollis (1984) has demonstrated that male blue gouramis (Trichogaster trichopterus) that have been classically conditioned to a signal that predicts an encounter with a rival

Accepted Answer

A)  are less successful in aggressive contests but recover once the effects of the conditioning have worn off. 
B)  are more successful in aggressive contests and maintain their advantage in later contests. 
C)  are more successful in aggressive contests but may lose their advantage in later contests. 
D)  produce results that depend on whether or not a gravid female is present. 
A)  are less successful in aggressive contests but recover once the effects of the conditioning have worn off. 
B)  are more successful in aggressive contests and maintain their advantage in later contests. 
C)  are more successful in aggressive contests but may lose their advantage in later contests. 
D)  produce results that depend on whether or not a gravid female is present.

Question 11

Extinction, in operant conditioning,

Accepted Answer

A)  is brought about by withholding reinforcement. 
B)  requires punishers to reduce the rate of responding. 
C)  requires the presentation of an inhibitory stimulus. 
D)  results in an increase in responding. 
A)  is brought about by withholding reinforcement. 
B)  requires punishers to reduce the rate of responding. 
C)  requires the presentation of an inhibitory stimulus. 
D)  results in an increase in responding.

Question 12

In Clark's 1960 research with the clamworm (Nereis pelagica), repeated presentations of a shadow stimulus resulted in a continual decline in the worms' withdrawal escape response. Clark knew that the clamworms had habituated because

Accepted Answer

A)  the clamworms' muscles had become fatigued. 
B)  the clamworms would still withdraw in response to being prodded. 
C)  the effects lasted for only a few seconds. 
D)  the clamworms' sense organs became adapted to the stimulus 
A)  the clamworms' muscles had become fatigued. 
B)  the clamworms would still withdraw in response to being prodded. 
C)  the effects lasted for only a few seconds. 
D)  the clamworms' sense organs became adapted to the stimulus

Question 13

Galef (1990) demonstrated that an "observer" rat would show a preference for a novel food if the novel food had also been eaten by a "demonstrator" rat. It was clear that this happened because of "stimulus enhancement," however, rather than by means of observation and imitation because the demonstrator rat was

Accepted Answer

A)  anesthetized. 
B)  dead. 
C)  in the cage with the observer rat. 
D)  its mother. 
A)  anesthetized. 
B)  dead. 
C)  in the cage with the observer rat. 
D)  its mother.

Question 14

Male field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) trained to associate distinctive environmental cues with the presence of a male competitor

Accepted Answer

A)  produced larger spermatophores in the presence of a topographical cue and also in the presence of a scent cue. 
B)  produced larger spermatophores in the presence of a topographical cue but smaller spermatophores in the presence of a scent cue. 
C)  produced smaller spermatophores in the presence of a topographical cue and also in the present of a scent cue. 
D)  produced smaller spermatophore in the presence of a topographical cue but larger spermatophores in the presence of a scent cue. 
A)  produced larger spermatophores in the presence of a topographical cue and also in the presence of a scent cue. 
B)  produced larger spermatophores in the presence of a topographical cue but smaller spermatophores in the presence of a scent cue. 
C)  produced smaller spermatophores in the presence of a topographical cue and also in the present of a scent cue. 
D)  produced smaller spermatophore in the presence of a topographical cue but larger spermatophores in the presence of a scent cue.

Question 15

When considering animals that are very different from us, insects, for example, most people tend to

Accepted Answer

A)  anthropomorphize. 
B)  assume they think like we do. 
C)  attribute a high level of cognitive ability to them. 
D)  discount their mental abilities. 
A)  anthropomorphize. 
B)  assume they think like we do. 
C)  attribute a high level of cognitive ability to them. 
D)  discount their mental abilities.

Question 16

A change in behavior resulting from _______ would qualify as an example of learning.

Accepted Answer

A)  fatigue 
B)  maturation of the nervous system 
C)  practicing the behavior 
D)  all of the above 
A)  fatigue 
B)  maturation of the nervous system 
C)  practicing the behavior 
D)  all of the above

Question 17

Learning has its costs as well as its benefits. Which of the following would NOT be considered a cost of learning.

Accepted Answer

A)  An animal can adjust to situations to which its ancestors were never exposed. 
B)  Collecting, processing, and storing information requires energy. 
C)  Learning a new response takes time. 
D)  Neurons must be dedicated to the task of learning. 
A)  An animal can adjust to situations to which its ancestors were never exposed. 
B)  Collecting, processing, and storing information requires energy. 
C)  Learning a new response takes time. 
D)  Neurons must be dedicated to the task of learning.

Question 18

A classically conditioned response is built upon a previously existing response known as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus. 
B)  conditioned response. 
C)  unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  unconditioned response. 
A)  conditioned stimulus. 
B)  conditioned response. 
C)  unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  unconditioned response.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the apparatus known as the Skinner box is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  An appropriate response allows the subject to escape. 
B)  An appropriate response often provides the subject with a food reward. 
C)  Data collection in the Skinner box is almost entirely automated. 
D)  The Skinner box was developed several decades after Thorndike's puzzle box. 
A)  An appropriate response allows the subject to escape. 
B)  An appropriate response often provides the subject with a food reward. 
C)  Data collection in the Skinner box is almost entirely automated. 
D)  The Skinner box was developed several decades after Thorndike's puzzle box.

Question 20

Socially learned behaviors that spread through a group and are stable over time are often referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned responses. 
B)  emulations. 
C)  imos. 
D)  traditions. 
A)  conditioned responses. 
B)  emulations. 
C)  imos. 
D)  traditions.

Experiments on pigeons (Columba livia) have shown that they are able to form concepts such as

Which of the following statements about social learning is FALSE?

Pepperberg (1994) has shown that Alex, an African grey parrot, can correctly report, for example, the way in which a green, wooden triangle and a blue, wooden triangle differ from one another. These experiments suggest that at least some nonprimates may be able to acquire

Habituation occurs

We need to describe learning as a change in the probability that a certain behavior will occur because learned behaviors

In latent learning, the subjects learn

Once you have your dog trained to sit on command, you will want to put her on a(n) _____ reinforcement schedule in order to maintain the response even if it is not reinforced every time.

Which of the following terms is closest in meaning to the word "shaping" as it is used in operant conditioning?

Negative reinforcement produces a(n) _____ in response rate.

Karen Hollis (1984) has demonstrated that male blue gouramis (Trichogaster trichopterus) that have been classically conditioned to a signal that predicts an encounter with a rival

Extinction, in operant conditioning,

In Clark's 1960 research with the clamworm (Nereis pelagica), repeated presentations of a shadow stimulus resulted in a continual decline in the worms' withdrawal escape response. Clark knew that the clamworms had habituated because

Male field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) trained to associate distinctive environmental cues with the presence of a male competitor

When considering animals that are very different from us, insects, for example, most people tend to

A change in behavior resulting from _______ would qualify as an example of learning.

Learning has its costs as well as its benefits. Which of the following would NOT be considered a cost of learning.

A classically conditioned response is built upon a previously existing response known as a(n)

Which of the following statements about the apparatus known as the Skinner box is FALSE?

Socially learned behaviors that spread through a group and are stable over time are often referred to as

Introduction

Approaches to the Study of Animal Behavior

Genetic Analysis of Behavior

Natural Selection and Behavior

Physiological Analysis-Nerve Cells and Behavior

Physiological Analysis of Behavior- the Endocrine System

The Development of Behavior

Biological Clocks

Mechanisms of Orientation and Behavior

The Ecology and Evolution of Spiral Distribution

Foraging Behavior

Antipredator Behavior

Reproductive Behavior

Parental Care and Mating Systems

Communications: Channels and Functions

The Evolution of Communication

Conflict

Group Living, Altruism, and Cooperation

Filters

Exam 5: Learning and Cognition

Experiments on pigeons (Columba livia) have shown that they are able to form concepts such as

Which of the following statements about social learning is FALSE?

Pepperberg (1994) has shown that Alex, an African grey parrot, can correctly report, for example, the way in which a green, wooden triangle and a blue, wooden triangle differ from one another. These experiments suggest that at least some nonprimates may be able to acquire

Habituation occurs

We need to describe learning as a change in the probability that a certain behavior will occur because learned behaviors

In latent learning, the subjects learn

Once you have your dog trained to sit on command, you will want to put her on a(n) _____ reinforcement schedule in order to maintain the response even if it is not reinforced every time.

Which of the following terms is closest in meaning to the word "shaping" as it is used in operant conditioning?

Negative reinforcement produces a(n) _____ in response rate.

Karen Hollis (1984) has demonstrated that male blue gouramis (Trichogaster trichopterus) that have been classically conditioned to a signal that predicts an encounter with a rival

Extinction, in operant conditioning,

In Clark's 1960 research with the clamworm (Nereis pelagica), repeated presentations of a shadow stimulus resulted in a continual decline in the worms' withdrawal escape response. Clark knew that the clamworms had habituated because

Male field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) trained to associate distinctive environmental cues with the presence of a male competitor

When considering animals that are very different from us, insects, for example, most people tend to

A change in behavior resulting from _______ would qualify as an example of learning.

Learning has its costs as well as its benefits. Which of the following would NOT be considered a cost of learning.

A classically conditioned response is built upon a previously existing response known as a(n)

Which of the following statements about the apparatus known as the Skinner box is FALSE?

Socially learned behaviors that spread through a group and are stable over time are often referred to as

Introduction

Approaches to the Study of Animal Behavior

Genetic Analysis of Behavior

Natural Selection and Behavior

Physiological Analysis-Nerve Cells and Behavior

Physiological Analysis of Behavior- the Endocrine System

The Development of Behavior

Biological Clocks

Mechanisms of Orientation and Behavior

The Ecology and Evolution of Spiral Distribution

Foraging Behavior

Antipredator Behavior

Reproductive Behavior

Parental Care and Mating Systems

Communications: Channels and Functions

The Evolution of Communication

Conflict

Group Living, Altruism, and Cooperation

Filters