Question 1

Estradiol is

Accepted Answer

A)  the hormone that is actually responsible for masculinizing the brain in rats. 
B)  chemically derived from testosterone once it enters specific brain regions. 
C)  very similar in chemical structure to testosterone. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  the hormone that is actually responsible for masculinizing the brain in rats. 
B)  chemically derived from testosterone once it enters specific brain regions. 
C)  very similar in chemical structure to testosterone. 
D)  all of the above. D

Question 2

Differences in patterns of adult rat copulatory behavior are due to differences in the brains of males and females, differences that were induced by the irreversible actions of androgens in late fetal and early neonatal life. This suggests that the differences were produced by _____ effects of hormones.

Accepted Answer

A)  activational 
B)  organizational 
C)  reciprocal 
D)  relatively plastic 
A)  activational 
B)  organizational 
C)  reciprocal 
D)  relatively plastic B

Question 3

The Florida scrub jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) is a species in which nonbreeding birds (most often offspring of the breeding pair from a previous year) remain on the territory of the breeding pair and help raise their own siblings. Is there evidence that helpers remain and help because they are physiologically incapable of breeding themselves?

Accepted Answer

A)  No; helpers, in fact, have higher levels of circulating testosterone and estradiol than the breeders. 
B)  No; the testes and ovaries of helpers are functional, at least for hormone production. 
C)  Yes; the testes and ovaries of helpers are, for all practical, nonfunctional. 
D)  Yes; while the testes and ovaries are physiologically intact, the hormone production is greatly reduced. 
A)  No; helpers, in fact, have higher levels of circulating testosterone and estradiol than the breeders. 
B)  No; the testes and ovaries of helpers are functional, at least for hormone production. 
C)  Yes; the testes and ovaries of helpers are, for all practical, nonfunctional. 
D)  Yes; while the testes and ovaries are physiologically intact, the hormone production is greatly reduced. B

Question 4

Endocrine systems, in contrast with neural systems, produce a response that is

Accepted Answer

A)  highly localized. 
B)  rapid in onset. 
C)  secreted slowly. 
D)  short in duration. 
A)  highly localized. 
B)  rapid in onset. 
C)  secreted slowly. 
D)  short in duration.

Question 5

The finding that aggressive behavior in the green anole lizard appears to be only partially dependent on gonadal hormornes and subject to influence by social factors such as resident status resulted from a study of which of the following types?

Accepted Answer

A)  correlational 
B)  interventional 
C)  monitoring 
D)  organizational 
A)  correlational 
B)  interventional 
C)  monitoring 
D)  organizational

Question 6

Sex differences in the size of brain nuclei that control song are established in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) as a result of the hormonal environment that exists soon after hatching. This illustrates best the way in which hormones influence behavior by means of their effect on

Accepted Answer

A)  muscles and motor neurons. 
B)  changes in social preference. 
C)  sensory or perceptual mechanisms. 
D)  the central nervous system. 
A)  muscles and motor neurons. 
B)  changes in social preference. 
C)  sensory or perceptual mechanisms. 
D)  the central nervous system.

Question 7

Wingfield's 1984 and 1987 studies of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) demonstrated that circulating levels of testosterone waxed and waned in parallel with changing patterns of male territorial aggression. These studies were examples of which of the following types of methodology?

Accepted Answer

A)  correlational 
B)  interventional 
C)  monitoring 
D)  organizational 
A)  correlational 
B)  interventional 
C)  monitoring 
D)  organizational

Question 8

Crews and colleagues (1984, 1987) examined patterns of reproduction with regard to (1) gamete production, (2) secretion of sex steroids, and (3) timing of mating behavior in a wide variety of vertebrates and found that three general patterns of reproduction emerged. In the Norway rat, for example, it has been found that gonadal growth and an increase in circulating levels of sex steroids activate mating behavior. This pattern would be an example of a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  associated reproductive pattern. 
B)  dissociated reproductive pattern. 
C)  interventional reproductive pattern. 
D)  opportunistic reproductive pattern. 
A)  associated reproductive pattern. 
B)  dissociated reproductive pattern. 
C)  interventional reproductive pattern. 
D)  opportunistic reproductive pattern.

Question 9

Removal of the testes in the male green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis) resulted in a

Accepted Answer

A)  reduction in aggressive behavior, but only if the male was returned to his home cage afterwards, rather than to a new cage. 
B)  reduction in aggressive behavior that resisted later testosterone replacement. 
C)  reduction in sexual behavior that gradually recovered with experience. 
D)  reduction in sexual behavior that was maintained thereafter unless treated with testosterone. 
A)  reduction in aggressive behavior, but only if the male was returned to his home cage afterwards, rather than to a new cage. 
B)  reduction in aggressive behavior that resisted later testosterone replacement. 
C)  reduction in sexual behavior that gradually recovered with experience. 
D)  reduction in sexual behavior that was maintained thereafter unless treated with testosterone.

Question 10

When steroid hormones have activational effects on behavior, those effects

Accepted Answer

A)  produce structural changes in the brain or other long term cellular changes. 
B)  tend to be permanent. 
C)  usually occur in adulthood. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  produce structural changes in the brain or other long term cellular changes. 
B)  tend to be permanent. 
C)  usually occur in adulthood. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 11

If an intruder male green anole lizard fails to display a submissive posture after the resident male has performed his lateral orientation and stereotyped bobbing dewlap display, then the resident male is likely to escalate his aggressive behavior in which of the following orders?

Accepted Answer

A)  acquiring a crest along its back and neck and a black spot above each eye; faster bobbing dewlap displays; wrestling with locked jaws. 
B)  acquiring a crest along its back and neck and a black spot above each eye; wrestling with locked jaws; faster bobbing dewlap displays. 
C)  faster bobbing dewlap displays; acquiring a crest along its back and neck and a black spot above each eye; wrestling with locked jaws. 
D)  wrestling with locked jaws; faster bobbing dewlap displays; acquiring a crest along its back and neck and a black spot above each eye. 
A)  acquiring a crest along its back and neck and a black spot above each eye; faster bobbing dewlap displays; wrestling with locked jaws. 
B)  acquiring a crest along its back and neck and a black spot above each eye; wrestling with locked jaws; faster bobbing dewlap displays. 
C)  faster bobbing dewlap displays; acquiring a crest along its back and neck and a black spot above each eye; wrestling with locked jaws. 
D)  wrestling with locked jaws; faster bobbing dewlap displays; acquiring a crest along its back and neck and a black spot above each eye.

Question 12

A single injection of testosterone into a female rat soon after birth produces

Accepted Answer

A)  an adult with a hyper-female brain. 
B)  an adult that displays normal female sexual behavior as soon as the effects of the testosterone wear off. 
C)  an effect on later sexual behavior only if her ovaries are also removed at that time. 
D)  irreversible effects on her adult sexual behavior. 
A)  an adult with a hyper-female brain. 
B)  an adult that displays normal female sexual behavior as soon as the effects of the testosterone wear off. 
C)  an effect on later sexual behavior only if her ovaries are also removed at that time. 
D)  irreversible effects on her adult sexual behavior.

Question 13

When steroid hormones have organizational effects on behavior, those effects

Accepted Answer

A)  occur early in life, usually just before or after birth. 
B)  tend to be transient. 
C)  usually involve subtle changes in previously established connections. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  occur early in life, usually just before or after birth. 
B)  tend to be transient. 
C)  usually involve subtle changes in previously established connections. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 14

If removal of the testes occurs in a rat soon after birth, the result is

Accepted Answer

A)  an adult with a reduced capacity to display masculine patterns of sexual behavior. 
B)  an adult with an enhanced capacity to display feminine patterns. 
C)  an adult that displays normal male sexual behavior if injected with testosterone before five days of age and throughout adulthood. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  an adult with a reduced capacity to display masculine patterns of sexual behavior. 
B)  an adult with an enhanced capacity to display feminine patterns. 
C)  an adult that displays normal male sexual behavior if injected with testosterone before five days of age and throughout adulthood. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 15

Male and female rats that have had their testes or ovaries removed in adulthood generally

Accepted Answer

A)  cannot be induced to behave like members of the opposite sex, even with administration of the appropriate (opposite) hormones. 
B)  have mature brains that are no longer capable of responding to hormonal signals of the opposite sex. 
C)  possess a thoroughly differentiated male or female nervous system. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  cannot be induced to behave like members of the opposite sex, even with administration of the appropriate (opposite) hormones. 
B)  have mature brains that are no longer capable of responding to hormonal signals of the opposite sex. 
C)  possess a thoroughly differentiated male or female nervous system. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 16

Scent marking, or strategically placing a chemical mark in the environment, is accomplished by means of special scent glands. These glands are

Accepted Answer

A)  endocrine glands, which means that they have ducts that release their products to the body surface. 
B)  endocrine glands, which means that they secrete their products into the spaces between cells. 
C)  exocrine glands, which means that they have ducts that release their products to the body surface. 
D)  exocrine glands, which means that they secrete their products into the spaces between cells. 
A)  endocrine glands, which means that they have ducts that release their products to the body surface. 
B)  endocrine glands, which means that they secrete their products into the spaces between cells. 
C)  exocrine glands, which means that they have ducts that release their products to the body surface. 
D)  exocrine glands, which means that they secrete their products into the spaces between cells.

Question 17

During which of the following periods have the testosterone levels in the male song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) been found to be highest?

Accepted Answer

A)  During the initial period of territory establishment and when the female is laying the first clutch of eggs. 
B)  During the initial period of territory establishment but only after a second female has also begun laying eggs. 
C)  While maintaining an established territory and when the female is laying a second clutch of eggs. 
D)  Testosterone levels remain at consistently high levels throughout the breeding season. 
A)  During the initial period of territory establishment and when the female is laying the first clutch of eggs. 
B)  During the initial period of territory establishment but only after a second female has also begun laying eggs. 
C)  While maintaining an established territory and when the female is laying a second clutch of eggs. 
D)  Testosterone levels remain at consistently high levels throughout the breeding season.

Question 18

Crews and colleagues (1984, 1987) examined patterns of reproduction with regard to (1) gamete production, (2) secretion of sex steroids, and (3) timing of mating behavior in a wide variety of vertebrates and found that three general patterns of reproduction emerged. The zebra finch, for example, which lives in the deserts of Australia where rainfall occurs rarely and unpredictably, court, copulate, and build nests within hours of a significant rainfall. This pattern would be an example of a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  associated reproductive pattern. 
B)  dissociated reproductive pattern. 
C)  interventional reproductive pattern. 
D)  opportunistic reproductive pattern. 
A)  associated reproductive pattern. 
B)  dissociated reproductive pattern. 
C)  interventional reproductive pattern. 
D)  opportunistic reproductive pattern.

Question 19

An adult female rat whose ovaries have been removed will not copulate unless she receives injections of estrogen and progesterone. Similarly, removal of the testes in an adult male rat eventually eliminates copulatory behavior, unless he is given injections of testosterone. This suggests that the effects of these steroid hormones in these situations is

Accepted Answer

A)  activational 
B)  organizational 
C)  reciprocal 
D)  relatively plastic 
A)  activational 
B)  organizational 
C)  reciprocal 
D)  relatively plastic

Question 20

Progestins, androgens, and estrogens

Accepted Answer

A)  are chemically derived from cholesterol. 
B)  are peptide hormones. 
C)  are rigidly determined by sex. 
D)  bind to receptors on the cell membrane. 
A)  are chemically derived from cholesterol. 
B)  are peptide hormones. 
C)  are rigidly determined by sex. 
D)  bind to receptors on the cell membrane.

Estradiol is

Endocrine systems, in contrast with neural systems, produce a response that is

The finding that aggressive behavior in the green anole lizard appears to be only partially dependent on gonadal hormornes and subject to influence by social factors such as resident status resulted from a study of which of the following types?

Sex differences in the size of brain nuclei that control song are established in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) as a result of the hormonal environment that exists soon after hatching. This illustrates best the way in which hormones influence behavior by means of their effect on

Wingfield's 1984 and 1987 studies of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) demonstrated that circulating levels of testosterone waxed and waned in parallel with changing patterns of male territorial aggression. These studies were examples of which of the following types of methodology?

Removal of the testes in the male green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis) resulted in a

When steroid hormones have activational effects on behavior, those effects

If an intruder male green anole lizard fails to display a submissive posture after the resident male has performed his lateral orientation and stereotyped bobbing dewlap display, then the resident male is likely to escalate his aggressive behavior in which of the following orders?

A single injection of testosterone into a female rat soon after birth produces

When steroid hormones have organizational effects on behavior, those effects

If removal of the testes occurs in a rat soon after birth, the result is

Male and female rats that have had their testes or ovaries removed in adulthood generally

Scent marking, or strategically placing a chemical mark in the environment, is accomplished by means of special scent glands. These glands are

During which of the following periods have the testosterone levels in the male song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) been found to be highest?

Progestins, androgens, and estrogens

Introduction

Approaches to the Study of Animal Behavior

Genetic Analysis of Behavior

Natural Selection and Behavior

Learning and Cognition

Physiological Analysis-Nerve Cells and Behavior

The Development of Behavior

Biological Clocks

Mechanisms of Orientation and Behavior

The Ecology and Evolution of Spiral Distribution

Foraging Behavior

Antipredator Behavior

Reproductive Behavior

Parental Care and Mating Systems

Communications: Channels and Functions

The Evolution of Communication

Conflict

Group Living, Altruism, and Cooperation

Filters

Exam 7: Physiological Analysis of Behavior- the Endocrine System

Estradiol is

Endocrine systems, in contrast with neural systems, produce a response that is

The finding that aggressive behavior in the green anole lizard appears to be only partially dependent on gonadal hormornes and subject to influence by social factors such as resident status resulted from a study of which of the following types?

Sex differences in the size of brain nuclei that control song are established in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) as a result of the hormonal environment that exists soon after hatching. This illustrates best the way in which hormones influence behavior by means of their effect on

Wingfield's 1984 and 1987 studies of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) demonstrated that circulating levels of testosterone waxed and waned in parallel with changing patterns of male territorial aggression. These studies were examples of which of the following types of methodology?

Removal of the testes in the male green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis) resulted in a

When steroid hormones have activational effects on behavior, those effects

If an intruder male green anole lizard fails to display a submissive posture after the resident male has performed his lateral orientation and stereotyped bobbing dewlap display, then the resident male is likely to escalate his aggressive behavior in which of the following orders?

A single injection of testosterone into a female rat soon after birth produces

When steroid hormones have organizational effects on behavior, those effects

If removal of the testes occurs in a rat soon after birth, the result is

Male and female rats that have had their testes or ovaries removed in adulthood generally

Scent marking, or strategically placing a chemical mark in the environment, is accomplished by means of special scent glands. These glands are

During which of the following periods have the testosterone levels in the male song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) been found to be highest?

Progestins, androgens, and estrogens

Introduction

Approaches to the Study of Animal Behavior

Genetic Analysis of Behavior

Natural Selection and Behavior

Learning and Cognition

Physiological Analysis-Nerve Cells and Behavior

The Development of Behavior

Biological Clocks

Mechanisms of Orientation and Behavior

The Ecology and Evolution of Spiral Distribution

Foraging Behavior

Antipredator Behavior

Reproductive Behavior

Parental Care and Mating Systems

Communications: Channels and Functions

The Evolution of Communication

Conflict

Group Living, Altruism, and Cooperation

Filters