Question 1

Which of the following describes hypertrophy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increase in the number of cells (mitosis) in an organ or tissue 
B)  Decrease in the number of cells (mitosis) in an organ or tissue 
C)  Increase in individual cell size in an organ or tissue 
D)  Decrease in individual cell size in an organ or tissue 
E)  Reversible change in which one adult cell is replaced by another adult cell type 
A)  Increase in the number of cells (mitosis) in an organ or tissue 
B)  Decrease in the number of cells (mitosis) in an organ or tissue 
C)  Increase in individual cell size in an organ or tissue 
D)  Decrease in individual cell size in an organ or tissue 
E)  Reversible change in which one adult cell is replaced by another adult cell type

Question 2

Match the type of chronic inflammation with the associated disease:
-3) Persistent infec

Accepted Answer

A)  Silicosis 
B)  Rheumatoid arthritis 
C)  Treponema pallidum 
A)  Silicosis 
B)  Rheumatoid arthritis 
C)  Treponema pallidum

Question 3

Match the mediator or acute inflammation with the source and action: Source Vascular Leakage Chemotaxis & Other
-Mast cells, platelets +-

Accepted Answer

A)  Histamine, serotonin 
B)  Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4 
C)  Nitric oxide 
D)  Chemokines 
E)  IL-1, TNF
F) Bradykinin
G) PAF
H) C3a
I) C5a
J) Leukotriene B4
K) O2 metabolites
L) Prostaglandins 
A)  Histamine, serotonin 
B)  Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4 
C)  Nitric oxide 
D)  Chemokines 
E)  IL-1, TNF
F) Bradykinin
G) PAF
H) C3a
I) C5a
J) Leukotriene B4
K) O2 metabolites
L) Prostaglandins

Question 4

In the heart, the stimulus for hypertrophy is usually chronic hemodynamic overload, resulting from either hypertension or faulty valves. During cardiac muscle hypertrophy, ____ myosin heavy chains are replaced by ____myosin heavy chains, which leads to ____ ATPase activity and a slower, more efficient contraction.

Accepted Answer

A)  !;"; Increased 
B)  !;"; Decreased 
C)  ";!; Increased 
D)  ";!; Decreased 
A)  !;"; Increased 
B)  !;"; Decreased 
C)  ";!; Increased 
D)  ";!; Decreased

Question 5

Match the mediator or acute inflammation with the source and action: Source Vascular Leakage Chemotaxis & Other
-Mast, phospholipids other -, vasodilation, pain, fever

Accepted Answer

A)  Histamine, serotonin 
B)  Leukotrienes C4, D4, E8 
C)  Nitric oxide 
D)  Chemokines 
E)  IL-1, TNF
F) Bradykinin
G) PAF
H) C3a
I) C5a
J) Leukotriene B4
K) O2 metabolites
L) Prostaglandins 
A)  Histamine, serotonin 
B)  Leukotrienes C4, D4, E8 
C)  Nitric oxide 
D)  Chemokines 
E)  IL-1, TNF
F) Bradykinin
G) PAF
H) C3a
I) C5a
J) Leukotriene B4
K) O2 metabolites
L) Prostaglandins

Question 6

Mediators such as histamine, thrombin, and platelet activating factor (PAF) stimulate the redistribution of which of the following from its normal intracellular stores in granules (Weibel-Palade bodies) to the cell surface?

Accepted Answer

A)  P-selectin 
B)  E-selectin 
C)  ICAM-1 
D)  VCAM-1 
E)  CD31 
A)  P-selectin 
B)  E-selectin 
C)  ICAM-1 
D)  VCAM-1 
E)  CD31

Question 7

Match the endothelial molecule (leukocyte adhesion molecule) with its major role:
-Lymphocyte homing to high endothelial venules

Accepted Answer

A)  ICAM-1 
B)  P-selectin 
C)  E-selectin 
D)  VCAM-1 
E)  GlyCam-1
F) CD31 (PECAM) 
A)  ICAM-1 
B)  P-selectin 
C)  E-selectin 
D)  VCAM-1 
E)  GlyCam-1
F) CD31 (PECAM)

Question 8

Ischemia reduces oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, resulting in a decrease in ATP production. Which of the following would NOT follow as a morphologic
Consequence?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased anaerobic glycolysis 
B)  Increase in pH and glycogen 
C)  Decrease in protein synthesis 
D)  Inﬂux of Ca++, H2O, and Na++ 
E)  Eﬄux of K+ 
A)  Increased anaerobic glycolysis 
B)  Increase in pH and glycogen 
C)  Decrease in protein synthesis 
D)  Inﬂux of Ca++, H2O, and Na++ 
E)  Eﬄux of K+

Question 9

Which of the following most likely occurs if cytochrome c is released into the cytosol

Accepted Answer

A)  Apoptosis 
B)  Hypertonicity 
C)  Hypotonicity 
D)  Increased extracellular Ca++ 
E)  Decreased intracellular K+ 
A)  Apoptosis 
B)  Hypertonicity 
C)  Hypotonicity 
D)  Increased extracellular Ca++ 
E)  Decreased intracellular K+

Question 10

Which of the following is considered physiologic apoptosis, NOT pathologic apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cell death from cytotoxic anticancer drug damage to DNA 
B)  Cell death due to damage from viral hepatitis 
C)  Cell death in tumors 
D)  Cell death induced by cytotoxic T cells 
E)  Pathologic atrophy in parenchymal organs after duct obstruction 
A)  Cell death from cytotoxic anticancer drug damage to DNA 
B)  Cell death due to damage from viral hepatitis 
C)  Cell death in tumors 
D)  Cell death induced by cytotoxic T cells 
E)  Pathologic atrophy in parenchymal organs after duct obstruction

Question 11

Match the abnormality which results in intracellular accumulations in nonneoplatics
cells with the resultant disease:
-Inability to degrade phagocytosed particles

Accepted Answer

A)  Lysosomal storage diseases 
B)  Hemosiderosis 
C)  Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency 
D)  Fatty change in liver 
A)  Lysosomal storage diseases 
B)  Hemosiderosis 
C)  Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency 
D)  Fatty change in liver

Question 12

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) serves to reduce hemodynamic load. In the embryonic heart, the gene for ANF is expressed in both the atrium and the ventricle. After birth, _____expression of the gene is down regulated. Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with a(n) _________ of ANF gene expression.

Accepted Answer

A)  Atrial; Decrease 
B)  Atrial; Increase 
C)  Ventricular; Decrease 
D)  Ventricular; Increase 
A)  Atrial; Decrease 
B)  Atrial; Increase 
C)  Ventricular; Decrease 
D)  Ventricular; Increase

Question 13

The deposition of calcium salts in otherwise normal tissues is known as calcification, and it almost always results from secondary to some disturbance in
Calcium metabolism.

Accepted Answer

A)  Dystrophic; Hypercalcemia 
B)  Dystrophic; Hypocalcemia 
C)  Metastatic; Hypercalcemia 
D)  Metastatic; Hypocalcemia 
A)  Dystrophic; Hypercalcemia 
B)  Dystrophic; Hypocalcemia 
C)  Metastatic; Hypercalcemia 
D)  Metastatic; Hypocalcemia

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT true regarding contribution to inﬂammation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lysosomal constituents increase vascular permeability and tissue damage 
B)  Oxygen free radicals amplify the cascade that elicits the inﬂammatory response 
C)  Neuropeptides help initiate and propagate the inﬂammatory response 
D)  The response to hypoxia decreases vascular permeability 
E)  The response to necrotic cells is pro-inﬂammatory 
A)  Lysosomal constituents increase vascular permeability and tissue damage 
B)  Oxygen free radicals amplify the cascade that elicits the inﬂammatory response 
C)  Neuropeptides help initiate and propagate the inﬂammatory response 
D)  The response to hypoxia decreases vascular permeability 
E)  The response to necrotic cells is pro-inﬂammatory

Question 15

Certain cellular alterations permit the early recognition of dead cells by macrophages. What is the result of this process?

Accepted Answer

A)  Protein hydrolysis involving the activation of caspases 
B)  Swelling of cellular mitochondria 
C)  Phagocytosis without the release of cytokines 
D)  Ubiquitin destruction of cellular components 
E)  Destruction of surrounding tissue 
A)  Protein hydrolysis involving the activation of caspases 
B)  Swelling of cellular mitochondria 
C)  Phagocytosis without the release of cytokines 
D)  Ubiquitin destruction of cellular components 
E)  Destruction of surrounding tissue

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of reversible cell injury?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reduced oxidative phosphorylation 
B)  ATP depletion 
C)  Cellular shrinking 
D)  Changes in ion concentrations 
E)  Water inﬂux 
A)  Reduced oxidative phosphorylation 
B)  ATP depletion 
C)  Cellular shrinking 
D)  Changes in ion concentrations 
E)  Water inﬂux

Question 17

Which of the following is the most common stem cell reprogramming change involved in respiratory tract cancer?

Accepted Answer

A)  Squamous to columnar 
B)  Squamous to cuboidal 
C)  Columnar to squamous 
D)  Columnar to cuboidal 
E)  Cuboidal to squamous 
A)  Squamous to columnar 
B)  Squamous to cuboidal 
C)  Columnar to squamous 
D)  Columnar to cuboidal 
E)  Cuboidal to squamous

Question 18

Match the mediator or acute inflammation with the source and action: Source Vascular Leakage Chemotaxis & Other
-Leukocytes, mast cells + -, bronchoconstrict, vasoconstrict

Accepted Answer

A)  Histamine, serotonin 
B)  Leukotrienes C4, D4, E10 
C)  Nitric oxide 
D)  Chemokines 
E)  IL-1, TNF
F) Bradykinin
G) PAF
H) C3a
I) C5a
J) Leukotriene B4
K) O2 metabolites
L) Prostaglandins 
A)  Histamine, serotonin 
B)  Leukotrienes C4, D4, E10 
C)  Nitric oxide 
D)  Chemokines 
E)  IL-1, TNF
F) Bradykinin
G) PAF
H) C3a
I) C5a
J) Leukotriene B4
K) O2 metabolites
L) Prostaglandins

Question 19

Which of the following types of cell injury involves anaerobic energy generation stoping after glycolytic substrates are exhausted, or glycolytic function becoming inhibited by the accumulation of metabolites?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ischemic 
B)  Hypoxic 
C)  Ischemic reperfusion 
D)  Chemical induced 
A)  Ischemic 
B)  Hypoxic 
C)  Ischemic reperfusion 
D)  Chemical induced

Question 20

Infection from which of the following is associated with hyperplasia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Papillomavirus 
B)  Enterobacteria 
C)  Staphylococci 
D)  Streptococci 
E)  Hook worms 
A)  Papillomavirus 
B)  Enterobacteria 
C)  Staphylococci 
D)  Streptococci 
E)  Hook worms

Which of the following describes hypertrophy?

Match the type of chronic inflammation with the associated disease: -3) Persistent infec

Match the mediator or acute inflammation with the source and action: Source Vascular Leakage Chemotaxis & Other -Mast cells, platelets +-

Match the mediator or acute inflammation with the source and action: Source Vascular Leakage Chemotaxis & Other -Mast, phospholipids other -, vasodilation, pain, fever

Mediators such as histamine, thrombin, and platelet activating factor (PAF) stimulate the redistribution of which of the following from its normal intracellular stores in granules (Weibel-Palade bodies) to the cell surface?

Match the endothelial molecule (leukocyte adhesion molecule) with its major role: -Lymphocyte homing to high endothelial venules

Ischemia reduces oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, resulting in a decrease in ATP production. Which of the following would NOT follow as a morphologic Consequence?

Which of the following most likely occurs if cytochrome c is released into the cytosol

Which of the following is considered physiologic apoptosis, NOT pathologic apoptosis?

Match the abnormality which results in intracellular accumulations in nonneoplatics cells with the resultant disease: -Inability to degrade phagocytosed particles

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) serves to reduce hemodynamic load. In the embryonic heart, the gene for ANF is expressed in both the atrium and the ventricle. After birth, _expression of the gene is down regulated. Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with a(n) _____ of ANF gene expression.

The deposition of calcium salts in otherwise normal tissues is known as calcification, and it almost always results from secondary to some disturbance in Calcium metabolism.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding contribution to inﬂammation?

Certain cellular alterations permit the early recognition of dead cells by macrophages. What is the result of this process?

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of reversible cell injury?

Which of the following is the most common stem cell reprogramming change involved in respiratory tract cancer?

Match the mediator or acute inflammation with the source and action: Source Vascular Leakage Chemotaxis & Other -Leukocytes, mast cells + -, bronchoconstrict, vasoconstrict

Which of the following types of cell injury involves anaerobic energy generation stoping after glycolytic substrates are exhausted, or glycolytic function becoming inhibited by the accumulation of metabolites?

Infection from which of the following is associated with hyperplasia?

Filters

Exam 1: Pathology

Which of the following describes hypertrophy?

Match the type of chronic inflammation with the associated disease: -3) Persistent infec

Match the mediator or acute inflammation with the source and action: Source Vascular Leakage Chemotaxis & Other -Mast cells, platelets +-

Match the mediator or acute inflammation with the source and action: Source Vascular Leakage Chemotaxis & Other -Mast, phospholipids other -, vasodilation, pain, fever

Mediators such as histamine, thrombin, and platelet activating factor (PAF) stimulate the redistribution of which of the following from its normal intracellular stores in granules (Weibel-Palade bodies) to the cell surface?

Match the endothelial molecule (leukocyte adhesion molecule) with its major role: -Lymphocyte homing to high endothelial venules

Ischemia reduces oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, resulting in a decrease in ATP production. Which of the following would NOT follow as a morphologic Consequence?

Which of the following most likely occurs if cytochrome c is released into the cytosol

Which of the following is considered physiologic apoptosis, NOT pathologic apoptosis?

Match the abnormality which results in intracellular accumulations in nonneoplatics cells with the resultant disease: -Inability to degrade phagocytosed particles

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) serves to reduce hemodynamic load. In the embryonic heart, the gene for ANF is expressed in both the atrium and the ventricle. After birth, _____expression of the gene is down regulated. Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with a(n) _________ of ANF gene expression.

The deposition of calcium salts in otherwise normal tissues is known as calcification, and it almost always results from secondary to some disturbance in Calcium metabolism.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding contribution to inﬂammation?

Certain cellular alterations permit the early recognition of dead cells by macrophages. What is the result of this process?

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of reversible cell injury?

Which of the following is the most common stem cell reprogramming change involved in respiratory tract cancer?

Match the mediator or acute inflammation with the source and action: Source Vascular Leakage Chemotaxis & Other -Leukocytes, mast cells + -, bronchoconstrict, vasoconstrict

Which of the following types of cell injury involves anaerobic energy generation stoping after glycolytic substrates are exhausted, or glycolytic function becoming inhibited by the accumulation of metabolites?

Infection from which of the following is associated with hyperplasia?

Filters

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) serves to reduce hemodynamic load. In the embryonic heart, the gene for ANF is expressed in both the atrium and the ventricle. After birth, _expression of the gene is down regulated. Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with a(n) _____ of ANF gene expression.