Question 1

Name two antibiotics that affect transcription and explain their mode of action.

Accepted Answer

Rifamycin B inhibits transcription initi

Question 2

What feature of eukaryotes makes annotation more difficult?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic genes contain intro

Question 3

The RpoD sigma-70 factor of E. coli recognizes promoters for

Accepted Answer

A)  stress-response genes. 
B)  motility and chemotaxis genes. 
C)  "housekeeping" genes. 
D)  heat shock-induced genes. 
E)  genes for nitrogen metabolism. 
A)  stress-response genes. 
B)  motility and chemotaxis genes. 
C)  "housekeeping" genes. 
D)  heat shock-induced genes. 
E)  genes for nitrogen metabolism.

Question 4

The role of ExPortal in Streptococci is to

Accepted Answer

A)  serve as a secretion system and a chaperone. 
B)  mark proteins for destruction. 
C)  secrete proteins to the periplasm. 
D)  anchor proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane. 
E)  form -S-S- bonds needed for protein structure. 
A)  serve as a secretion system and a chaperone. 
B)  mark proteins for destruction. 
C)  secrete proteins to the periplasm. 
D)  anchor proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane. 
E)  form -S-S- bonds needed for protein structure.

Question 5

Name two antibiotics that affect translation and explain their modes of action.

Accepted Answer

Possible answers include the following:

Question 6

After tmRNA releases an mRNA and aberrant polypeptide from a stuck ribosome,

Accepted Answer

A)  clpX tags the peptide for destruction. 
B)  sspB tags the peptide for destruction. 
C)  tmRNA then destroys the peptide. 
D)  tmRNA ubiquitinates the peptide. 
E)  sspB recognizes a proteolysis tag and delivers the peptide to clpX for degradation. 
A)  clpX tags the peptide for destruction. 
B)  sspB tags the peptide for destruction. 
C)  tmRNA then destroys the peptide. 
D)  tmRNA ubiquitinates the peptide. 
E)  sspB recognizes a proteolysis tag and delivers the peptide to clpX for degradation.

Question 7

Certain proteins in a bacterial cell are short-lived and are labeled with a leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, or tyrosine at the N-terminal end. These proteins are degraded by

Accepted Answer

A)  GroEL and GroES. 
B)  DnaK and DnaJ. 
C)  clpAP protease. 
D)  Sec A. 
E)  ubiquitin. 
A)  GroEL and GroES. 
B)  DnaK and DnaJ. 
C)  clpAP protease. 
D)  Sec A. 
E)  ubiquitin.

Question 8

A consensus sequence of any genetic element is

Accepted Answer

A)  sequences that are rarely found in nature. 
B)  the sequence with the most likely base (or bases) at each position. 
C)  hairpins in RNA to slow down or stop transcription. 
D)  sequences to which ribosomes bind. 
E)  primer sequences used to initiate transcription. 
A)  sequences that are rarely found in nature. 
B)  the sequence with the most likely base (or bases) at each position. 
C)  hairpins in RNA to slow down or stop transcription. 
D)  sequences to which ribosomes bind. 
E)  primer sequences used to initiate transcription.

Question 9

Different ________ can bind simultaneously to the start of each gene within a polygenic mRNA.

Accepted Answer

A)  genes 
B)  proteins 
C)  polymerases 
D)  ribosomes 
E)  RNases 
A)  genes 
B)  proteins 
C)  polymerases 
D)  ribosomes 
E)  RNases

Question 10

During transcription of the ________ genes, normal, unmodified bases are incorporated, but specific enzymes modify some of these later.

Accepted Answer

A)  tRNA 
B)  tmRNA 
C)  mRNA 
D)  sRNA 
E)  catalytic RNA 
A)  tRNA 
B)  tmRNA 
C)  mRNA 
D)  sRNA 
E)  catalytic RNA

Question 11

E. coli is being used in order to study various agents that inhibit protein synthesis. An agent will bind the 16S RNA of the 30S subunit and block aminoacyl tRNA from entering the ribosome. This agent is most likely related to

Accepted Answer

A)  chloramphenicol. 
B)  streptomycin. 
C)  puromycin. 
D)  tetracycline. 
E)  erythromycin. 
A)  chloramphenicol. 
B)  streptomycin. 
C)  puromycin. 
D)  tetracycline. 
E)  erythromycin.

Question 12

Every mRNA has three possible reading frames. How does the ribosome find the correct reading frame?

Accepted Answer

Each mRNA has sequences upstream of the

Question 13

At times a ribosome may get stuck with an mRNA that has been damaged so that there is no stop codon. What happens to this ribosome to fix this problem?

Accepted Answer

A translation rescue molecule, tmRNA, is

Question 14

The average half-life for mRNA in a typical bacterium such as E. coli is

Accepted Answer

A)  1-3 seconds. 
B)  10-30 seconds. 
C)  1-3 minutes. 
D)  1-3 hours. 
E)  1-3 days. 
A)  1-3 seconds. 
B)  10-30 seconds. 
C)  1-3 minutes. 
D)  1-3 hours. 
E)  1-3 days.

Question 15

How are folded and unfolded proteins moved from the cytoplasm to the periplasm?

Accepted Answer

The completed pre-secretion protein is t

Question 16

Define "half-life" in terms of mRNA. Biologically, why is it important that the half-life of mRNA be the shortest of the RNAs? What chemically leads to a longer half-life for tRNAs and rRNAs?

Accepted Answer

The half-life of mRNA is the time it tak

Question 17

Which RNA species is a component of the 30S subunit of the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

A)  5S RNA 
B)  16S RNA 
C)  23S RNA 
D)  tRNA 
E)  mRNA 
A)  5S RNA 
B)  16S RNA 
C)  23S RNA 
D)  tRNA 
E)  mRNA

Question 18

In the figure below, which label represents the Shine Delgarno site?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  -35 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  -35

Question 19

Since ribosomes do not translate to the end of the mRNA, what causes translation to end?

Accepted Answer

A stop codon marks the end of the coding

Question 20

How does mRNA compare to the template and nontemplate DNA strand?

Accepted Answer

The mRNA is transcribed from the templat

Exam 8: Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Name two antibiotics that affect transcription and explain their mode of action.

What feature of eukaryotes makes annotation more difficult?

The RpoD sigma-70 factor of E. coli recognizes promoters for

The role of ExPortal in Streptococci is to

Name two antibiotics that affect translation and explain their modes of action.

After tmRNA releases an mRNA and aberrant polypeptide from a stuck ribosome,

Certain proteins in a bacterial cell are short-lived and are labeled with a leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, or tyrosine at the N-terminal end. These proteins are degraded by

A consensus sequence of any genetic element is

Different ________ can bind simultaneously to the start of each gene within a polygenic mRNA.

During transcription of the ________ genes, normal, unmodified bases are incorporated, but specific enzymes modify some of these later.

E. coli is being used in order to study various agents that inhibit protein synthesis. An agent will bind the 16S RNA of the 30S subunit and block aminoacyl tRNA from entering the ribosome. This agent is most likely related to

Every mRNA has three possible reading frames. How does the ribosome find the correct reading frame?

At times a ribosome may get stuck with an mRNA that has been damaged so that there is no stop codon. What happens to this ribosome to fix this problem?

The average half-life for mRNA in a typical bacterium such as E. coli is

How are folded and unfolded proteins moved from the cytoplasm to the periplasm?

Define "half-life" in terms of mRNA. Biologically, why is it important that the half-life of mRNA be the shortest of the RNAs? What chemically leads to a longer half-life for tRNAs and rRNAs?

Which RNA species is a component of the 30S subunit of the ribosome?

In the figure below, which label represents the Shine Delgarno site?

Since ribosomes do not translate to the end of the mRNA, what causes translation to end?

How does mRNA compare to the template and nontemplate DNA strand?

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

Filters