Question 1

What is a primary difference between PCR and traditional cloning procedures such as those used to clone the human growth hormone gene?

Accepted Answer

A) PCR and traditional cloning make use of different types of bacteria. 
B) PCR and traditional cloning make use of different types of vectors. 
C) PCR uses plasmid vectors,whereas traditional cloning uses bacteria. 
D) PCR eliminates the need for restriction enzymes,vectors,and cells. 
E) PCR is more time-consuming,but the purity of the obtained DNA clone is much higher than in traditional cloning. 
A) PCR and traditional cloning make use of different types of bacteria. 
B) PCR and traditional cloning make use of different types of vectors. 
C) PCR uses plasmid vectors,whereas traditional cloning uses bacteria. 
D) PCR eliminates the need for restriction enzymes,vectors,and cells. 
E) PCR is more time-consuming,but the purity of the obtained DNA clone is much higher than in traditional cloning.

Question 2

One example of an innovation from an unexpected source comes from studies of tumor-like plant growths.What information did the study of plant tumors provide that was critical for plant genetic engineering?

Accepted Answer

A) understanding the role of plant hormones in growth promotion 
B) knowledge of plant tumor suppressor and proto-oncogenes 
C) learning that metastasis is critical for tumor progression 
D) learning the biosynthetic pathway to β-carotene 
E) discovery of a plasmid that could be modified to introduce genes into plants 
A) understanding the role of plant hormones in growth promotion 
B) knowledge of plant tumor suppressor and proto-oncogenes 
C) learning that metastasis is critical for tumor progression 
D) learning the biosynthetic pathway to β-carotene 
E) discovery of a plasmid that could be modified to introduce genes into plants

Question 3

When constructing a cDNA library from a particular organism,the choice of tissue is _____,whereas when constructing a genomic DNA library from the same organism,the choice of tissue is _____.

Accepted Answer

A) critical;critical 
B) immaterial;immaterial 
C) immaterial;critical 
D) critical;immaterial 
A) critical;critical 
B) immaterial;immaterial 
C) immaterial;critical 
D) critical;immaterial

Question 4

Which of the following is in the correct order for one cycle of PCR?

Accepted Answer

A) Denature DNA;add fresh enzyme;anneal primers;add dNTPs;extend primers. 
B) Add fresh enzyme;denature DNA;anneal primers;add dNTPs;extend primers. 
C) Anneal primers;denature DNA;extend primers. 
D) Extend primers;anneal primers;denature DNA. 
E) Denature DNA;anneal primers;extend primers. 
A) Denature DNA;add fresh enzyme;anneal primers;add dNTPs;extend primers. 
B) Add fresh enzyme;denature DNA;anneal primers;add dNTPs;extend primers. 
C) Anneal primers;denature DNA;extend primers. 
D) Extend primers;anneal primers;denature DNA. 
E) Denature DNA;anneal primers;extend primers.

Question 5

Imagine that you compare two DNA sequences found in the same location on homologous chromosomes.On one of the homologs,the sequence is AACTACGA.On the other homolog,the sequence is AACTTCGA.Within a population,you discover that each of these sequences is common.These sequences _____.

Accepted Answer

A) contain an SNP that may be useful for genetic mapping 
B) identify a protein-coding region of a gene 
C) cause disease 
D) protect against disease 
E) none of the above 
A) contain an SNP that may be useful for genetic mapping 
B) identify a protein-coding region of a gene 
C) cause disease 
D) protect against disease 
E) none of the above

Question 6

In the current form of dideoxy DNA sequencing,the primer is unlabeled and each dideoxynucleotide is labeled with a different fluorescent marker.This method _____.

Accepted Answer

A) eliminates the need to run sequencing reaction products on a gel 
B) allows a DNA sequence to be determined from four separate sequencing reactions,each run on a separate lane of a gel 
C) allows a DNA sequence to be determined from one sequencing reaction that is run on a single lane of a gel 
D) eliminates the need for sophisticated machines to read the output of each sequencing reaction 
A) eliminates the need to run sequencing reaction products on a gel 
B) allows a DNA sequence to be determined from four separate sequencing reactions,each run on a separate lane of a gel 
C) allows a DNA sequence to be determined from one sequencing reaction that is run on a single lane of a gel 
D) eliminates the need for sophisticated machines to read the output of each sequencing reaction

Question 7

One predicted aspect of climate change is that climates,including precipitation and temperature,over most of the Earth will become more variable.Which of the following is a good crop genetic engineering strategy if this is true?

Accepted Answer

A) only plant crops that are genetically engineered 
B) genetically engineer most crops to withstand very long droughts 
C) genetically engineer several genotypes within single crop types 
D) genetically engineer the fastest growing crops possible 
A) only plant crops that are genetically engineered 
B) genetically engineer most crops to withstand very long droughts 
C) genetically engineer several genotypes within single crop types 
D) genetically engineer the fastest growing crops possible

Question 8

If a scientist needs to put new DNA into a bacteria,she must _____ the bacteria.

Accepted Answer

A) transform 
B) ligate 
C) make a library of the genes of 
D) make a cDNA library of 
E) make a vector of 
A) transform 
B) ligate 
C) make a library of the genes of 
D) make a cDNA library of 
E) make a vector of

Question 9

Gene therapy requires _____.

Accepted Answer

A) knowledge and availability of the wild-type allele of the defective gene 
B) an ability to introduce the wild-type allele into the patient 
C) an ability to express the introduced gene at the correct level,time,and site within the patient 
D) the knowledge and availability of the wild-type allele of the defective gene and the ability to introduce the allele into the patient 
E) knowledge and availability of the wild-type allele of the defective gene;an ability to introduce the wild-type allele into the patient;and an ability to express the introduced gene at the correct level,time,and site within the patient 
A) knowledge and availability of the wild-type allele of the defective gene 
B) an ability to introduce the wild-type allele into the patient 
C) an ability to express the introduced gene at the correct level,time,and site within the patient 
D) the knowledge and availability of the wild-type allele of the defective gene and the ability to introduce the allele into the patient 
E) knowledge and availability of the wild-type allele of the defective gene;an ability to introduce the wild-type allele into the patient;and an ability to express the introduced gene at the correct level,time,and site within the patient

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct difference between a gene library and a gene clone?

Accepted Answer

A) A gene library contains many different cloned DNA sequences;a gene clone contains one type of DNA sequence. 
B) A gene library contains one type of cloned DNA sequence;a gene clone contains many different DNA sequences. 
C) A gene library is a much longer DNA sequence than a gene clone. 
D) A gene library is a much shorter DNA sequence than a gene clone. 
E) A gene library is sequence information stored in a computerized database;a gene clone is an actual sequence of DNA. 
A) A gene library contains many different cloned DNA sequences;a gene clone contains one type of DNA sequence. 
B) A gene library contains one type of cloned DNA sequence;a gene clone contains many different DNA sequences. 
C) A gene library is a much longer DNA sequence than a gene clone. 
D) A gene library is a much shorter DNA sequence than a gene clone. 
E) A gene library is sequence information stored in a computerized database;a gene clone is an actual sequence of DNA.

Question 11

Many identical copies of genes cloned in bacteria are produced as a result of _____.

Accepted Answer

A) plasmid replication 
B) bacterial cell replication 
C) transformation 
D) plasmid and bacterial cell replication 
A) plasmid replication 
B) bacterial cell replication 
C) transformation 
D) plasmid and bacterial cell replication

Question 12

Which type of disorder is most difficult to correct by gene therapy?

Accepted Answer

A) a dominant disorder 
B) an incompletely dominant disorder 
C) a recessive disorder 
D) Disorders showing all these forms of dominance present equal challenges. 
A) a dominant disorder 
B) an incompletely dominant disorder 
C) a recessive disorder 
D) Disorders showing all these forms of dominance present equal challenges.

Question 13

How can an amino acid sequence be used to design a gene-specific hybridization probe?

Accepted Answer

A) A portion of a polypeptide chain can be synthesized based on the amino acid sequence of the full protein. 
B) A protein can be purified,digested with proteases that cleave it at specific sites,and one of the peptide fragments can be used as a probe. 
C) All possible nucleotide sequences that could encode a portion of the polypeptide can be synthesized and used as probes. 
A) A portion of a polypeptide chain can be synthesized based on the amino acid sequence of the full protein. 
B) A protein can be purified,digested with proteases that cleave it at specific sites,and one of the peptide fragments can be used as a probe. 
C) All possible nucleotide sequences that could encode a portion of the polypeptide can be synthesized and used as probes.

Question 14

Why is it essential that genetic markers used in mapping disease genes be polymorphic?

Accepted Answer

A) If the marker isn't polymorphic,its position cannot be known. 
B) If the marker isn't polymorphic,it cannot be physically linked to a gene associated with human disease. 
C) If the marker isn't polymorphic,then it will not be inherited in any predictable manner. 
D) If the marker isn't polymorphic,then it's impossible to use genetic mapping techniques to establish an association between the marker and the disease gene. 
A) If the marker isn't polymorphic,its position cannot be known. 
B) If the marker isn't polymorphic,it cannot be physically linked to a gene associated with human disease. 
C) If the marker isn't polymorphic,then it will not be inherited in any predictable manner. 
D) If the marker isn't polymorphic,then it's impossible to use genetic mapping techniques to establish an association between the marker and the disease gene.

Question 15

Imagine that you've isolated the complete human growth hormone gene directly from the human genome.After running through all the steps described in Chapter 19 for cloning and gene expression in bacteria,you find that no human growth hormone is expressed.What is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

A) Human DNA cannot be cloned in a bacterium. 
B) Human DNA can be maintained in cloned form only for brief periods in bacteria. 
C) Bacteria cannot translate human mRNA coding sequences. 
D) Bacteria cannot carry out splicing. 
E) Bacteria lack a nucleus for proper transcription of eukaryotic genes. 
A) Human DNA cannot be cloned in a bacterium. 
B) Human DNA can be maintained in cloned form only for brief periods in bacteria. 
C) Bacteria cannot translate human mRNA coding sequences. 
D) Bacteria cannot carry out splicing. 
E) Bacteria lack a nucleus for proper transcription of eukaryotic genes.

Question 16

Plasmids are used as cloning vectors in genetic engineering.This means that plasmids allow for _____.

Accepted Answer

A) carrying of DNA into a cell and DNA replication 
B) DNA to mutate within the gene of interest 
C) DNA replication outside rather than inside cells 
D) carrying of RNA into a cell and RNA replication 
A) carrying of DNA into a cell and DNA replication 
B) DNA to mutate within the gene of interest 
C) DNA replication outside rather than inside cells 
D) carrying of RNA into a cell and RNA replication

Question 17

Imagine that you are searching for the gene associated with nail-patella syndrome,a dominant genetic disorder that causes developmental abnormalities.In a large pedigree you discover an association between nail-patella syndrome and a genetic marker that occurs in two different alleles,A and B.Fifteen individuals within this pedigree have nail-patella syndrome and are A/B heterozygotes for the marker.Thirty individuals within this pedigree don't suffer from nail-patella syndrome and are homozygous for the A marker allele.One individual within this pedigree has nail-patella syndrome and is also homozygous for the A marker allele.The most likely explanation for this exceptional individual is _____.

Accepted Answer

A) a new mutation converted the disease-causing allele to the wild-type form 
B) a new mutation converted the B allele of the marker to the A form 
C) the exceptional nail-patella individual is haploid 
D) recombination occurred between the nail-patella gene and marker gene in one of the parents of the exceptional individual 
A) a new mutation converted the disease-causing allele to the wild-type form 
B) a new mutation converted the B allele of the marker to the A form 
C) the exceptional nail-patella individual is haploid 
D) recombination occurred between the nail-patella gene and marker gene in one of the parents of the exceptional individual

Question 18

In early forensic applications of DNA fingerprinting,DNA was extracted from crime scene material,digested with restriction enzymes,and then used to prepare a Southern blot.Today,PCR is used in the early steps of forensic DNA analysis.What advantage does PCR provide over the former method?

Accepted Answer

A) PCR produces many more bands for fingerprint analysis,making it a more informative technique. 
B) PCR can cut DNA at many more sites than can restriction enzymes. 
C) PCR requires much less DNA for analysis. 
D) PCR can analyze DNA,proteins,and carbohydrates,whereas restriction enzyme analysis is limited to DNA. 
A) PCR produces many more bands for fingerprint analysis,making it a more informative technique. 
B) PCR can cut DNA at many more sites than can restriction enzymes. 
C) PCR requires much less DNA for analysis. 
D) PCR can analyze DNA,proteins,and carbohydrates,whereas restriction enzyme analysis is limited to DNA.

Question 19

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s).
In Chapter 19 you read about the amplification and sequencing of 30,000-year-old Neanderthal DNA to learn that it's unlikely Neanderthals and modern humans interbred.Let's take a closer look at this early work with ancient DNA (M.Krings,A.Stone,R.W.Schmitz,H.Krainitzki,M.Stoneking,and S.Pääbo.1997.Neanderthal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans.Cell 90:19-30).
Here is part of the lead paragraph in the "Methods" section of the Krings et al.paper:
Protective clothing was worn throughout the sampling procedure.Instruments used were treated with 1 M HCl followed by extensive rinsing in distilled water.After removal,the sample was immediately put into a sterile tube for transport to Munich.All subsequent manipulations of the sample,and experimental procedures prior to cycling of PCR reactions,were carried out in laboratories solely dedicated to the analysis of archaeological specimens,where protective clothing,separate equipment and reagents,UV irradiation,and other measures to...
A concluding paragraph of the Krings et al.paper states:
It must be emphasized that the above conclusions are based on a single individual sequence;the retrieval and analysis of mtDNA sequences from additional Neanderthal specimens is obviously desirable.If this proves possible,then the potential exists to address several questions concerning Neanderthals that hitherto could be studied exclusively by morphological and archaeological approaches.For example,the genetic relationship between Neanderthal populations in Europe and in western Asia could be explored,as could the demographic history of Neanderthal populations.
-Refer to the paragraph on Krings et al.Why did the researchers wear protective clothing and note so emphatically that they did so?

Accepted Answer

A) They needed to be certain there were no ancient pathogens on the sample that modern humans hadn't been exposed to. 
B) They needed to be sure not to harm the precious sample with oils from skin or moisture from their breath. 
C) They needed to minimize the chance of introducing their own mitochondrial DNA to the sample. 
D) Because the work was done in Germany,they needed to follow stringent,standard German laboratory procedures and document their compliance. 
A) They needed to be certain there were no ancient pathogens on the sample that modern humans hadn't been exposed to. 
B) They needed to be sure not to harm the precious sample with oils from skin or moisture from their breath. 
C) They needed to minimize the chance of introducing their own mitochondrial DNA to the sample. 
D) Because the work was done in Germany,they needed to follow stringent,standard German laboratory procedures and document their compliance.

Question 20

In the form of gene therapy used successfully for severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)-X1,the genetic engineering of human cells is done _____.

Accepted Answer

A) by injecting engineered viruses into the patient's bloodstream 
B) by injecting engineered viruses into the patient's bone marrow 
C) by treating a relative's cultured bone marrow cells with genetically engineered viruses and then injecting these cells into the patient's bone marrow 
D) by isolating the patient's bone marrow cells,infecting them with genetically engineered viruses,and injecting them back into the patient's bone marrow 
A) by injecting engineered viruses into the patient's bloodstream 
B) by injecting engineered viruses into the patient's bone marrow 
C) by treating a relative's cultured bone marrow cells with genetically engineered viruses and then injecting these cells into the patient's bone marrow 
D) by isolating the patient's bone marrow cells,infecting them with genetically engineered viruses,and injecting them back into the patient's bone marrow

Exam 19: Analyzing and Engineering Genes

What is a primary difference between PCR and traditional cloning procedures such as those used to clone the human growth hormone gene?

One example of an innovation from an unexpected source comes from studies of tumor-like plant growths.What information did the study of plant tumors provide that was critical for plant genetic engineering?

When constructing a cDNA library from a particular organism,the choice of tissue is _____,whereas when constructing a genomic DNA library from the same organism,the choice of tissue is _____.

Which of the following is in the correct order for one cycle of PCR?

Imagine that you compare two DNA sequences found in the same location on homologous chromosomes.On one of the homologs,the sequence is AACTACGA.On the other homolog,the sequence is AACTTCGA.Within a population,you discover that each of these sequences is common.These sequences _____.

In the current form of dideoxy DNA sequencing,the primer is unlabeled and each dideoxynucleotide is labeled with a different fluorescent marker.This method _____.

One predicted aspect of climate change is that climates,including precipitation and temperature,over most of the Earth will become more variable.Which of the following is a good crop genetic engineering strategy if this is true?

If a scientist needs to put new DNA into a bacteria,she must _____ the bacteria.

Gene therapy requires _____.

Which of the following is a correct difference between a gene library and a gene clone?

Many identical copies of genes cloned in bacteria are produced as a result of _____.

Which type of disorder is most difficult to correct by gene therapy?

How can an amino acid sequence be used to design a gene-specific hybridization probe?

Why is it essential that genetic markers used in mapping disease genes be polymorphic?

Imagine that you've isolated the complete human growth hormone gene directly from the human genome.After running through all the steps described in Chapter 19 for cloning and gene expression in bacteria,you find that no human growth hormone is expressed.What is the most likely explanation?

Plasmids are used as cloning vectors in genetic engineering.This means that plasmids allow for _____.

In early forensic applications of DNA fingerprinting,DNA was extracted from crime scene material,digested with restriction enzymes,and then used to prepare a Southern blot.Today,PCR is used in the early steps of forensic DNA analysis.What advantage does PCR provide over the former method?

In the form of gene therapy used successfully for severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)-X1,the genetic engineering of human cells is done _____.

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Genomics

Principles of Development

An Introduction to Animal Development

An Introduction to Plant Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Electrical Signals in Animals

Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Filters

When constructing a cDNA library from a particular organism,the choice of tissue is _,whereas when constructing a genomic DNA library from the same organism,the choice of tissue is _.