Question 1

If a patient only has neutrophils and macrophages,what would be absent from the immune response?

Accepted Answer

A) memory 
B) lysozymes 
C) cytokines 
D) defense against bacteria 
A) memory 
B) lysozymes 
C) cytokines 
D) defense against bacteria A

Question 2

Which of the following would put you at increased risk of pathogens entering your body?

Accepted Answer

A) a mutation that increases the amount of lysozyme you can produce 
B) a mutation that increases the amount of wax your ears produce on a daily basis 
C) a mutation that causes your mucus secretions to be extremely watery 
D) a mutation that decreases the number of cilia present in the respiratory tract 
A) a mutation that increases the amount of lysozyme you can produce 
B) a mutation that increases the amount of wax your ears produce on a daily basis 
C) a mutation that causes your mucus secretions to be extremely watery 
D) a mutation that decreases the number of cilia present in the respiratory tract C

Question 3

Which of the following is a difference between B cells and T cells?

Accepted Answer

A) One has a major role in antibody production,while the other has a major role in cytotoxicity. 
B) One uses a receptor called BCR,while the other recognizes a receptor called TCR. 
C) B cells are activated by free-floating antigens in the blood or lymph.T cells are activated by membrane-bound antigens. 
D) T cells are produced in the thymus and B cells are produced in the bone marrow. 
A) One has a major role in antibody production,while the other has a major role in cytotoxicity. 
B) One uses a receptor called BCR,while the other recognizes a receptor called TCR. 
C) B cells are activated by free-floating antigens in the blood or lymph.T cells are activated by membrane-bound antigens. 
D) T cells are produced in the thymus and B cells are produced in the bone marrow. A

Question 4

Which of the following is an antigen?

Accepted Answer

A) Antigens are immunoglobulins. 
B) Antigens are used by the immune system to neutralize foreign objects. 
C) Antigens are molecules used during an immune response to enhance the binding of antibodies to damaged cells. 
D) Antigens are produced by white blood cells. 
A) Antigens are immunoglobulins. 
B) Antigens are used by the immune system to neutralize foreign objects. 
C) Antigens are molecules used during an immune response to enhance the binding of antibodies to damaged cells. 
D) Antigens are produced by white blood cells.

Question 5

Which of the following is crucial to activation of the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

A) memory cells 
B) presentation of MHC-antigen complex on a cell surface 
C) somatic hypermutation 
D) phagocytosis of antibody-antigen complex by macrophages in the blood (the humoral response) 
A) memory cells 
B) presentation of MHC-antigen complex on a cell surface 
C) somatic hypermutation 
D) phagocytosis of antibody-antigen complex by macrophages in the blood (the humoral response)

Question 6

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s).
Oysters live attached to substrate in estuaries and can experience low oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide conditions,especially in midsummer.Oysters also suffer high mortality in the summer.Researchers wanted to find out if the low-oxygen or elevated carbon dioxide conditions compromised the immune system of oysters.The immune system of oysters includes cells called hemocytes that phagocytose foreign particles and remove them from tissues.These phagocytic hemocytes also initiate the production and release of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs),including HOCl,O₂⁻,and H₂O₂.ROIs attack and kill invading cells.The researchers maintained oysters at normal oxygen conditions and low-oxygen conditions at a level commonly found in estuaries in the summer.While varying oxygen levels,they kept carbon dioxide concentrations constant.They also examined the effect of different carbon dioxide concentrations when oxygen levels were kept constant.They found that production of ROIs under low-oxygen conditions was only 33% of ROI production in normal oxygen conditions.There was no detectable effect of carbon dioxide levels on ROI production.Other researchers have found that the amount of phagocytosis is not affected by oxygen conditions.(J.N.Boyd and L.E.Burnett.1999.Reactive oxygen intermediate production by oyster hemocytes exposed to hypoxia.Journal of Experimental Biology 202:3135-43. )
-Refer to the paragraph on the effects of low oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide on oysters.Why did the researchers keep carbon dioxide levels constant while they varied oxygen levels and then keep oxygen levels constant while they varied carbon dioxide levels?

Accepted Answer

A) It is technically easier to vary the level in the water of one gas at a time. 
B) They could only measure the level of one gas in the water at a time. 
C) The effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels could interact. 
D) Only one gas at a time varies in estuaries in the summer. 
A) It is technically easier to vary the level in the water of one gas at a time. 
B) They could only measure the level of one gas in the water at a time. 
C) The effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels could interact. 
D) Only one gas at a time varies in estuaries in the summer.

Question 7

You are playing a new video game that is based on the human immune system.The player is inside a human,and you must successfully fend off invading pathogens in a quest to find the "Golden Antibody." At level 1,your arsenal for fighting off pathogens consists only of the innate immunity leukocytes and their various secretions.If the enemy has killed off most of your neutrophils and macrophages,which of the following should you utilize to recruit more of these leukocytes to the battle?

Accepted Answer

A) histamine 
B) platelets 
C) reactive oxygen species 
D) cytokines 
E) bone marrow 
A) histamine 
B) platelets 
C) reactive oxygen species 
D) cytokines 
E) bone marrow

Question 8

Which of the following statements is not fundamental to the clonal-selection theory of how the adaptive immune system functions?

Accepted Answer

A) Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen. 
B) When the lymphocyte binds an antigen,it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself. 
C) Cloned lymphocytes have slight differences and are selected by the spleen for removal if they do not bind an antigen. 
D) Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated. 
A) Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen. 
B) When the lymphocyte binds an antigen,it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself. 
C) Cloned lymphocytes have slight differences and are selected by the spleen for removal if they do not bind an antigen. 
D) Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated.

Question 9

Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts.What is its main immunological function?

Accepted Answer

A) sweeping away debris 
B) physically trapping pathogens 
C) destruction of pathogens because it is acidic 
D) increasing oxygen absorption 
A) sweeping away debris 
B) physically trapping pathogens 
C) destruction of pathogens because it is acidic 
D) increasing oxygen absorption

Question 10

Which of the following is true of the allergic response?

Accepted Answer

A) Sufferers produce the IgE class of gamma globulins in response to allergens. 
B) Upon the very first exposure to an allergen,an allergy sufferer will probably experience a runny nose,watery eyes,and mild wheezing. 
C) It is a normal,healthy,adaptive response to an allergen. 
D) All of the above answers are true. 
A) Sufferers produce the IgE class of gamma globulins in response to allergens. 
B) Upon the very first exposure to an allergen,an allergy sufferer will probably experience a runny nose,watery eyes,and mild wheezing. 
C) It is a normal,healthy,adaptive response to an allergen. 
D) All of the above answers are true.

Question 11

Which of the following are effective treatments for some allergic reactions?

Accepted Answer

A) antihistamines 
B) epinephrine 
C) corticosteroids 
D) antihistamines,epinephrine,and corticosteroids 
E) both antihistamines and epinephrine 
A) antihistamines 
B) epinephrine 
C) corticosteroids 
D) antihistamines,epinephrine,and corticosteroids 
E) both antihistamines and epinephrine

Question 12

Which of the following statements is not true of epitopes?

Accepted Answer

A) B-cell receptors bind to epitopes. 
B) T-cell receptors bind to epitopes. 
C) There can be 10 or more different epitopes on each antigen. 
D) There is a one-to-one correspondence between antigen and epitope. 
A) B-cell receptors bind to epitopes. 
B) T-cell receptors bind to epitopes. 
C) There can be 10 or more different epitopes on each antigen. 
D) There is a one-to-one correspondence between antigen and epitope.

Question 13

Which lymphocytes act indirectly to produce antibodies?

Accepted Answer

A) macrophage 
B) CD4+ T cell 
C) CD8+ T cell 
D) B cell 
E) all of the above 
A) macrophage 
B) CD4+ T cell 
C) CD8+ T cell 
D) B cell 
E) all of the above

Question 14

Mast cells can both constrict and dilate blood vessels after injury.Which of the following best explains why both of these events occur shortly after tissue is injured?

Accepted Answer

A) Different blood vessels respond to the same messenger from mast cells in different ways for example,larger vessels constrict to reduce blood loss while smaller ones dilate to promote blood flow to the injured tissue. 
B) Mast cells release different chemical messengers,one that causes constriction in the region of blood loss,and another that causes dilation away from the injury to promote quicker healing. 
C) Mast cells release one chemical messenger immediately after injury that constricts vessels to promote clotting;after bleeding has stopped,they release another messenger that causes those same vessels to dilate,which increases blood flow to promote healing. 
D) Mast cells release different chemical messengers,one that causes vessels away from the site of the injury to constrict to control blood loss,and another that causes vessels near the injury to dilate to promote quicker healing. 
A) Different blood vessels respond to the same messenger from mast cells in different ways for example,larger vessels constrict to reduce blood loss while smaller ones dilate to promote blood flow to the injured tissue. 
B) Mast cells release different chemical messengers,one that causes constriction in the region of blood loss,and another that causes dilation away from the injury to promote quicker healing. 
C) Mast cells release one chemical messenger immediately after injury that constricts vessels to promote clotting;after bleeding has stopped,they release another messenger that causes those same vessels to dilate,which increases blood flow to promote healing. 
D) Mast cells release different chemical messengers,one that causes vessels away from the site of the injury to constrict to control blood loss,and another that causes vessels near the injury to dilate to promote quicker healing.

Question 15

Which of the following pairs of proteins shares the most overall similarity in structure?

Accepted Answer

A) B-cell receptors and T-cell receptors 
B) B-cell receptors and antibodies 
C) T-cell receptors and antibodies 
D) antibodies and antigens 
A) B-cell receptors and T-cell receptors 
B) B-cell receptors and antibodies 
C) T-cell receptors and antibodies 
D) antibodies and antigens

Question 16

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s).
Oysters live attached to substrate in estuaries and can experience low oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide conditions,especially in midsummer.Oysters also suffer high mortality in the summer.Researchers wanted to find out if the low-oxygen or elevated carbon dioxide conditions compromised the immune system of oysters.The immune system of oysters includes cells called hemocytes that phagocytose foreign particles and remove them from tissues.These phagocytic hemocytes also initiate the production and release of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs),including HOCl,O₂⁻,and H₂O₂.ROIs attack and kill invading cells.The researchers maintained oysters at normal oxygen conditions and low-oxygen conditions at a level commonly found in estuaries in the summer.While varying oxygen levels,they kept carbon dioxide concentrations constant.They also examined the effect of different carbon dioxide concentrations when oxygen levels were kept constant.They found that production of ROIs under low-oxygen conditions was only 33% of ROI production in normal oxygen conditions.There was no detectable effect of carbon dioxide levels on ROI production.Other researchers have found that the amount of phagocytosis is not affected by oxygen conditions.(J.N.Boyd and L.E.Burnett.1999.Reactive oxygen intermediate production by oyster hemocytes exposed to hypoxia.Journal of Experimental Biology 202:3135-43. )
-Based on the information on the effects of low oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide on oysters,which of the following is the most likely explanation for the effect of oxygen levels on production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs)?

Accepted Answer

A) Carbon dioxide buildup prevents formation of ROIs under low-oxygen conditions. 
B) Under low-oxygen conditions,there is not enough oxygen to produce as many ROIs. 
C) Phagocytic hemocytes are not as active when oxygen levels are low,so they cannot produce as many ROIs. 
D) ROIs are less effective at killing cells under low-oxygen conditions,so phagocytic hemocytes do not produce as many. 
A) Carbon dioxide buildup prevents formation of ROIs under low-oxygen conditions. 
B) Under low-oxygen conditions,there is not enough oxygen to produce as many ROIs. 
C) Phagocytic hemocytes are not as active when oxygen levels are low,so they cannot produce as many ROIs. 
D) ROIs are less effective at killing cells under low-oxygen conditions,so phagocytic hemocytes do not produce as many.

Question 17

You cut your finger,and after putting pressure on the wound for several minutes,you notice that it is still bleeding profusely.What may be the problem?

Accepted Answer

A) Platelets are not functioning properly,or there are too few to be effective. 
B) Mast cells are not releasing their chemical messengers. 
C) There are too many antigens to allow clotting. 
D) Hemoglobin levels are too high to allow clotting. 
A) Platelets are not functioning properly,or there are too few to be effective. 
B) Mast cells are not releasing their chemical messengers. 
C) There are too many antigens to allow clotting. 
D) Hemoglobin levels are too high to allow clotting.

Question 18

Which of the following is true of the humoral immune response and not true of the cell-mediated immune response?

Accepted Answer

A) involves T cells at some level 
B) require CD8+ cells for activation 
C) involves destroying entire cells and not just the pathogen 
D) uses antibodies as its main weapon 
E) All of these answers are true of the humoral immune response and not true of the cell-mediated immune response. 
A) involves T cells at some level 
B) require CD8+ cells for activation 
C) involves destroying entire cells and not just the pathogen 
D) uses antibodies as its main weapon 
E) All of these answers are true of the humoral immune response and not true of the cell-mediated immune response.

Question 19

If you were developing artificial B-cell receptors (BCRs)based on the natural version and wanted to change the BCRs' ability to bind certain antigens,which region of the natural receptor would you alter?

Accepted Answer

A) transmembrane domain 
B) amino terminus of light and heavy chains 
C) carboxy terminus of light and heavy chains 
D) the region projecting into the cytoplasm of the cell 
A) transmembrane domain 
B) amino terminus of light and heavy chains 
C) carboxy terminus of light and heavy chains 
D) the region projecting into the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 20

Lymphocytes are formed in what organ(s)?

Accepted Answer

A) spleen 
B) thymus 
C) bone marrow 
D) spleen and bone marrow 
E) thymus and bone marrow 
A) spleen 
B) thymus 
C) bone marrow 
D) spleen and bone marrow 
E) thymus and bone marrow

Exam 49: The Immune System in Animals

If a patient only has neutrophils and macrophages,what would be absent from the immune response?

Which of the following would put you at increased risk of pathogens entering your body?

Which of the following is a difference between B cells and T cells?

Which of the following is an antigen?

Which of the following is crucial to activation of the adaptive immune response?

Which of the following statements is not fundamental to the clonal-selection theory of how the adaptive immune system functions?

Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts.What is its main immunological function?

Which of the following is true of the allergic response?

Which of the following are effective treatments for some allergic reactions?

Which of the following statements is not true of epitopes?

Which lymphocytes act indirectly to produce antibodies?

Mast cells can both constrict and dilate blood vessels after injury.Which of the following best explains why both of these events occur shortly after tissue is injured?

Which of the following pairs of proteins shares the most overall similarity in structure?

You cut your finger,and after putting pressure on the wound for several minutes,you notice that it is still bleeding profusely.What may be the problem?

Which of the following is true of the humoral immune response and not true of the cell-mediated immune response?

If you were developing artificial B-cell receptors (BCRs)based on the natural version and wanted to change the BCRs' ability to bind certain antigens,which region of the natural receptor would you alter?

Lymphocytes are formed in what organ(s)?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

Genomics

Principles of Development

An Introduction to Animal Development

An Introduction to Plant Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Electrical Signals in Animals

Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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