Question 1

What causes rejection by the body's immune system after a transplant of an improperly matched organ?

Accepted Answer

A) non-self proteins in the tissue 
B) the presence of foreign MHC proteins on the donor tissue 
C) antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)responding to foreign tissue 
D) non-self proteins in the tissue,the presence of foreign MHC proteins on the donor tissue,and antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)responding to foreign tissue 
E) Both non-self proteins in the tissue and antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)responding to foreign tissue can cause an organ to be rejected. 
A) non-self proteins in the tissue 
B) the presence of foreign MHC proteins on the donor tissue 
C) antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)responding to foreign tissue 
D) non-self proteins in the tissue,the presence of foreign MHC proteins on the donor tissue,and antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)responding to foreign tissue 
E) Both non-self proteins in the tissue and antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)responding to foreign tissue can cause an organ to be rejected.

Question 2

Your sister-in-law never gets sick,while her male neighbor seems to be sick all the time.Although there are several explanations for this,one is that they are genetically different.Which of the following hypotheses concerning genetic inheritance of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)is consistent with this observation and your understanding of the immune system as described in the text?

Accepted Answer

A) MHC inheritance works like normal Mendelian genetics in the sense that there are dominant traits and recessive traits,and in the case of MHC,those with the dominant trait (including both those who are heterozygous and homozygous dominant)produce more normal MHC proteins and are healthier than those with the recessive trait (homozygous recessive). 
B) In the case of MHC,it is beneficial to have as many different alleles as possible,so heterozygous individuals are healthier than homozygous dominant or recessive individuals. 
C) MHC proteins are often closely associated with small antigen particles that have been broken off the main pathogen,so that individuals who are recessive for MHC don't normally have many illnesses because they don't produce these MHC-antigen complexes. 
D) MHC inheritance is X-linked and thus males will have a higher percentage of weak immune systems than females do. 
A) MHC inheritance works like normal Mendelian genetics in the sense that there are dominant traits and recessive traits,and in the case of MHC,those with the dominant trait (including both those who are heterozygous and homozygous dominant)produce more normal MHC proteins and are healthier than those with the recessive trait (homozygous recessive). 
B) In the case of MHC,it is beneficial to have as many different alleles as possible,so heterozygous individuals are healthier than homozygous dominant or recessive individuals. 
C) MHC proteins are often closely associated with small antigen particles that have been broken off the main pathogen,so that individuals who are recessive for MHC don't normally have many illnesses because they don't produce these MHC-antigen complexes. 
D) MHC inheritance is X-linked and thus males will have a higher percentage of weak immune systems than females do.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a subunit vaccine?

Accepted Answer

A) The surface protein of a virus is used to make the vaccine. 
B) The virus is exposed to ultraviolet light. 
C) The virus is exposed to formaldehyde. 
D) The virus is grown in a host other than humans and thus grow more slowly than normal. 
A) The surface protein of a virus is used to make the vaccine. 
B) The virus is exposed to ultraviolet light. 
C) The virus is exposed to formaldehyde. 
D) The virus is grown in a host other than humans and thus grow more slowly than normal.

Question 4

You and a friend are in line for a movie when you notice the woman in front of you sneezing and coughing.Both of you have been equally exposed to the woman's virus,but over the next few days,only your friend acquires flu-like symptoms and is ill for almost a week before recovering.Which one of the following is a logical explanation for this?

Accepted Answer

A) You have an innate immunity to that virus. 
B) You have an adaptive immunity to that virus. 
C) Your friend has an autoimmune disorder. 
D) Your friend has allergies. 
A) You have an innate immunity to that virus. 
B) You have an adaptive immunity to that virus. 
C) Your friend has an autoimmune disorder. 
D) Your friend has allergies.

Question 5

A certain cell type has existed in the blood and tissue of its vertebrate host's immune system for over 20 years.One day,it recognizes a newly arrived antigen and binds to it,subsequently triggering a secondary immune response in the body.Which of the following cell types most accurately describes this cell?

Accepted Answer

A) B cell 
B) T cell 
C) memory cell 
D) macrophage 
A) B cell 
B) T cell 
C) memory cell 
D) macrophage

Question 6

What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

A) It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered. 
B) It enables an animal to counter most pathogens almost instantly. 
C) It allows for a broad specificity for defense against antigens. 
D) It allows for the destruction of antibodies. 
A) It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered. 
B) It enables an animal to counter most pathogens almost instantly. 
C) It allows for a broad specificity for defense against antigens. 
D) It allows for the destruction of antibodies.

Question 7

Which of the following components of the immune system destroys bacteria in a way similar to an antitank weapon destroying armored military tanks by punching holes in the wall of the bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A) complement protein 
B) macrophages 
C) plasma cells 
D) major histocompatibility complex proteins 
A) complement protein 
B) macrophages 
C) plasma cells 
D) major histocompatibility complex proteins

Question 8

Which of the following is a difference between Class I and Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)proteins?

Accepted Answer

A) Class I MHC proteins can be found on most cell types and signals that this cell has been compromised,while Class II proteins are found on cells of the immune system and are designed to activate immune responses. 
B) Class I MHC proteins are added to antigens in the cytoplasm,while Class II proteins are added to antigens in the Golgi apparatus. 
C) Class I MHC proteins signal the immune system to activate the cell displaying the message,while Class II proteins signal the immune system to destroy a particular cell. 
D) Class I and Class II MHC proteins have the same basic role,but individuals with particularly strong immune systems will have both types while most individuals have just one or the other. 
A) Class I MHC proteins can be found on most cell types and signals that this cell has been compromised,while Class II proteins are found on cells of the immune system and are designed to activate immune responses. 
B) Class I MHC proteins are added to antigens in the cytoplasm,while Class II proteins are added to antigens in the Golgi apparatus. 
C) Class I MHC proteins signal the immune system to activate the cell displaying the message,while Class II proteins signal the immune system to destroy a particular cell. 
D) Class I and Class II MHC proteins have the same basic role,but individuals with particularly strong immune systems will have both types while most individuals have just one or the other.

Question 9

What kind of immune responses do insects have?

Accepted Answer

A) innate immunity only 
B) innate and adaptive immunity similar to that of vertebrates 
C) adaptive immunity only 
D) innate and adaptive immunity,but the adaptive immune system has fewer cells than that of vertebrates 
A) innate immunity only 
B) innate and adaptive immunity similar to that of vertebrates 
C) adaptive immunity only 
D) innate and adaptive immunity,but the adaptive immune system has fewer cells than that of vertebrates

Question 10

Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease?

Accepted Answer

A) a condition in which B cells and T cells respond independently to antigens and do not interact correctly 
B) a condition in which the adaptive immune system fails to recognize the second infection by the same antigen 
C) a condition in which the self molecules are treated as non-self 
D) a condition in which the immune system creates random antibodies without being triggered by an antigen 
A) a condition in which B cells and T cells respond independently to antigens and do not interact correctly 
B) a condition in which the adaptive immune system fails to recognize the second infection by the same antigen 
C) a condition in which the self molecules are treated as non-self 
D) a condition in which the immune system creates random antibodies without being triggered by an antigen

Question 11

How does the immune system of vertebrates utilize a chemical concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

A) The immune system produces thousands of histamines that act solely to create a histamine diffusion barrier. 
B) The immune system generates a gradient of reactive oxygen intermediates to increase the amount of toxic radicals and peroxides to combat invading pathogens. 
C) The immune system releases chemical signals called chemokines,which create a chemical gradient that leukocytes use in migrating toward the infection site. 
D) The vertebrate immune system does not use chemical gradients. 
A) The immune system produces thousands of histamines that act solely to create a histamine diffusion barrier. 
B) The immune system generates a gradient of reactive oxygen intermediates to increase the amount of toxic radicals and peroxides to combat invading pathogens. 
C) The immune system releases chemical signals called chemokines,which create a chemical gradient that leukocytes use in migrating toward the infection site. 
D) The vertebrate immune system does not use chemical gradients.

Question 12

A boy falls while riding his bike.A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red,warm,and swollen.What response is occurring?

Accepted Answer

A) inflammatory response 
B) lytic response 
C) adaptive immune response 
D) recist tumor response 
A) inflammatory response 
B) lytic response 
C) adaptive immune response 
D) recist tumor response

Exam 49: The Immune System in Animals

What causes rejection by the body's immune system after a transplant of an improperly matched organ?

Which of the following is an example of a subunit vaccine?

What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity?

Which of the following components of the immune system destroys bacteria in a way similar to an antitank weapon destroying armored military tanks by punching holes in the wall of the bacteria?

Which of the following is a difference between Class I and Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)proteins?

What kind of immune responses do insects have?

Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease?

How does the immune system of vertebrates utilize a chemical concentration gradient?

A boy falls while riding his bike.A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red,warm,and swollen.What response is occurring?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

Genomics

Principles of Development

An Introduction to Animal Development

An Introduction to Plant Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Electrical Signals in Animals

Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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