Question 1

Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by all of the following mechanisms except

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulating thirst. 
B)  causing the release of ADH. 
C)  triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone. 
D)  stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium. 
E)  increasing PNS activity. 
A)  stimulating thirst. 
B)  causing the release of ADH. 
C)  triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone. 
D)  stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium. 
E)  increasing PNS activity. E

Question 2

All of the following are components of ECF except

Accepted Answer

A)  cerebrospinal fluid. 
B)  peritoneal fluid. 
C)  lymph. 
D)  aqueous humor. 
E)  RBCs. 
A)  cerebrospinal fluid. 
B)  peritoneal fluid. 
C)  lymph. 
D)  aqueous humor. 
E)  RBCs. E

Question 3

A drowning victim will likely experience a period of ________ until resuscitation begins.

Accepted Answer

A)  acute respiratory acidosis 
B)  acute respiratory alkalosis 
C)  chronic respiratory alkalosis 
D)  metabolic acidosis 
E)  metabolic alkalosis 
A)  acute respiratory acidosis 
B)  acute respiratory alkalosis 
C)  chronic respiratory alkalosis 
D)  metabolic acidosis 
E)  metabolic alkalosis A

Question 4

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness) 
B)  consequence of prolonged vomiting 
C)  consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to COP
D)  
D)  consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions) 
E)  consequence of strenuous exercise 
A)  consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness) 
B)  consequence of prolonged vomiting 
C)  consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to COP
D)  
D)  consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions) 
E)  consequence of strenuous exercise

Question 5

In-Text Figure Based Questions
-What is a serious condition that could occur if the potassium ion concentration is >7 mEq/L? (Figure 27-7)

Accepted Answer

A)  muscle weakness leading to paralysis 
B)  increased urine volume 
C)  respiratory depression 
D)  acidosis 
E)  cardiac arrhythmias 
A)  muscle weakness leading to paralysis 
B)  increased urine volume 
C)  respiratory depression 
D)  acidosis 
E)  cardiac arrhythmias

Question 6

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH. 
B)  aldosterone. 
C)  parathormone. 
D)  atrial natriuretic peptides. 
E)  glucocorticoids. 
A)  ADH. 
B)  aldosterone. 
C)  parathormone. 
D)  atrial natriuretic peptides. 
E)  glucocorticoids.

Question 7

All of the following are examples of compensatory mechanisms that would occur as a result of metabolic acidosis except

Accepted Answer

A)  buffer systems accept H+. 
B)  kidneys secrete H+. 
C)  kidneys retain H+. 
D)  kidneys generate bicarbonate. 
E)  respiratory rate increases. 
A)  buffer systems accept H+. 
B)  kidneys secrete H+. 
C)  kidneys retain H+. 
D)  kidneys generate bicarbonate. 
E)  respiratory rate increases.

Question 8

Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called

Accepted Answer

A)  electrons. 
B)  electrolytes. 
C)  nonelectrolytes. 
D)  osmoregulators. 
E)  buffers. 
A)  electrons. 
B)  electrolytes. 
C)  nonelectrolytes. 
D)  osmoregulators. 
E)  buffers.

Question 9

Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the

Accepted Answer

A)  veins. 
B)  muscles. 
C)  tissues. 
D)  capillaries. 
E)  arteries. 
A)  veins. 
B)  muscles. 
C)  tissues. 
D)  capillaries. 
E)  arteries.

Question 10

In-Text Figure Based Questions
-Mg2+ and K+ are found in higher concentrations in the (intracellular, extracellular) fluid, whereas Na+ andCl- are found in higher concentrations in the (intracellular, extracellular) fluid. (Figure 27-2)

Accepted Answer

A)  intracellular; extracellular 
B)  extracellular; intracellular 
A)  intracellular; extracellular 
B)  extracellular; intracellular

Question 11

The principal cation in intracellular fluid is

Accepted Answer

A)  sodium. 
B)  potassium. 
C)  calcium. 
D)  magnesium. 
E)  chloride. 
A)  sodium. 
B)  potassium. 
C)  calcium. 
D)  magnesium. 
E)  chloride.

Question 12

Why does potassium concentration rise in patients with acidosis? What is this called? What effects does it have?

Accepted Answer

When pH is low, hydrogen ion levels in t

Question 13

A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop

Accepted Answer

A)  respiratory acidosis. 
B)  acute respiratory alkalosis. 
C)  metabolic acidosis. 
D)  metabolic alkalosis. 
E)  chronic respiratory alkalosis. 
A)  respiratory acidosis. 
B)  acute respiratory alkalosis. 
C)  metabolic acidosis. 
D)  metabolic alkalosis. 
E)  chronic respiratory alkalosis.

Question 14

When pure water is consumed,

Accepted Answer

A)  the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF. 
B)  a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases. 
C)  osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall. 
D)  the volume of the ECF decreases. 
E)  the volume of the ICF decreases. 
A)  the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF. 
B)  a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases. 
C)  osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall. 
D)  the volume of the ECF decreases. 
E)  the volume of the ICF decreases.

Question 15

Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone

Accepted Answer

A)  calcitonin. 
B)  parathyroid hormone. 
C)  aldosterone. 
D)  cortisol. 
E)  ADH. 
A)  calcitonin. 
B)  parathyroid hormone. 
C)  aldosterone. 
D)  cortisol. 
E)  ADH.

Question 16

Fred has chronic emphysema. Blood tests show that his pH is low but almost normal but his bicarbonate levelsare elevated significantly. How can this be? What would urinalysis show?

Accepted Answer

Emphysema limits alveolar ventilation, l

Question 17

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness) 
B)  consequence of prolonged vomiting 
C)  consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to COP
D)  
D)  consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions) 
E)  consequence of strenuous exercise 
A)  consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness) 
B)  consequence of prolonged vomiting 
C)  consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to COP
D)  
D)  consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions) 
E)  consequence of strenuous exercise

Question 18

Which hormone does not play a role in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance?

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH 
B)  aldosterone 
C)  cortisol 
D)  atrial natriuretic peptide 
E)  B-type natriuretic peptide 
A)  ADH 
B)  aldosterone 
C)  cortisol 
D)  atrial natriuretic peptide 
E)  B-type natriuretic peptide

Question 19

Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH 
B)  aldosterone 
C)  PTH 
D)  acetylcholine 
E)  natriuretic peptides 
A)  ADH 
B)  aldosterone 
C)  PTH 
D)  acetylcholine 
E)  natriuretic peptides

Question 20

The two organs that play an important role in maintaining acid-base balance are the

Accepted Answer

A)  liver and gallbladder. 
B)  liver and kidneys. 
C)  heart and lungs. 
D)  lungs and kidneys. 
E)  heart and liver. 
A)  liver and gallbladder. 
B)  liver and kidneys. 
C)  heart and lungs. 
D)  lungs and kidneys. 
E)  heart and liver.

Exam 27: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by all of the following mechanisms except

All of the following are components of ECF except

A drowning victim will likely experience a period of ________ until resuscitation begins.

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?

In-Text Figure Based Questions -What is a serious condition that could occur if the potassium ion concentration is >7 mEq/L? (Figure 27-7)

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

All of the following are examples of compensatory mechanisms that would occur as a result of metabolic acidosis except

Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called

Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the

In-Text Figure Based Questions -Mg2+ and K+ are found in higher concentrations in the (intracellular, extracellular) fluid, whereas Na+ andCl- are found in higher concentrations in the (intracellular, extracellular) fluid. (Figure 27-2)

The principal cation in intracellular fluid is

Why does potassium concentration rise in patients with acidosis? What is this called? What effects does it have?

A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop

When pure water is consumed,

Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone

Fred has chronic emphysema. Blood tests show that his pH is low but almost normal but his bicarbonate levelsare elevated significantly. How can this be? What would urinalysis show?

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?

Which hormone does not play a role in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance?

Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?

The two organs that play an important role in maintaining acid-base balance are the

An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

The Chemical Level of Organization

The Cellular Level of Organization

The Tissue Level of Organization

The Integumentary System

Bones and Bone Structure

The Axial Skeleton

The Appendicular Skeleton

Joints

Muscle Tissue

The Muscular System

Nervous Tissue

The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes

The Brain and Cranial Nerves

Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System

The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions

The Special Senses

The Endocrine System

Blood

The Heart

Blood Vessels and Circulation

The Lymphatic System and Immunity

The Respiratory System

The Digestive System

Metabolism, Nutrition, and Energetics

The Urinary System

The Reproductive System

Development and Inheritance

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