Question 1

Which of the following is the best definition of reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  a response that operates on the environment to produce certain consequences 
B)  a stimulus or event that increases the probability that the response it follows will be repeated 
C)  behavior acquired through coincidental association of a response and a reinforcement 
D)  a cue that signals that reinforcement is available if the subject makes a particular response 
E)  the introduction of an aversive stimulus after a response occurs 
A)  a response that operates on the environment to produce certain consequences 
B)  a stimulus or event that increases the probability that the response it follows will be repeated 
C)  behavior acquired through coincidental association of a response and a reinforcement 
D)  a cue that signals that reinforcement is available if the subject makes a particular response 
E)  the introduction of an aversive stimulus after a response occurs

Question 2

Summarize how classical conditioning is achieved.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning

Question 3

Following _____,a conditioned response may reappear.This process is known as ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  generalization; spontaneous recovery 
B)  discrimination; extinction 
C)  extinction; spontaneous recovery 
D)  discrimination; spontaneous recovery 
E)  generalization; extinction 
A)  generalization; spontaneous recovery 
B)  discrimination; extinction 
C)  extinction; spontaneous recovery 
D)  discrimination; spontaneous recovery 
E)  generalization; extinction

Question 4

Distinguish between the different schedules of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Under continuous reinforcement,every occ

Question 5

In an example reported in your text,a man was trapped behind a refrigerator and nearly suffocated.Subsequently,he has a phobia of tight,enclosed spaces and is afraid to ride on small,crowded elevators.However,he has no fear of large,uncrowded elevator rides.The man's fear of small elevators is an example of ______,and his lack of fear toward large elevators is an example of _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  reconditioning; extinction 
B)  stimulus generalization; extinction 
C)  stimulus generalization; stimulus discrimination 
D)  stimulus discrimination; extinction 
E)  stimulus discrimination; stimulus generalization 
A)  reconditioning; extinction 
B)  stimulus generalization; extinction 
C)  stimulus generalization; stimulus discrimination 
D)  stimulus discrimination; extinction 
E)  stimulus discrimination; stimulus generalization

Question 6

The most surprising element in Garcia's research on taste aversion was that

Accepted Answer

A)  animals were sickened by radiation. 
B)  animals would avoid drinking water. 
C)  animals would drink even if they were sick. 
D)  conditioned taste aversion could be developed even when the CS occurred several hours before the US. 
E)  conditioned taste aversion could be developed only when the US immediately followed the CS. 
A)  animals were sickened by radiation. 
B)  animals would avoid drinking water. 
C)  animals would drink even if they were sick. 
D)  conditioned taste aversion could be developed even when the CS occurred several hours before the US. 
E)  conditioned taste aversion could be developed only when the US immediately followed the CS.

Question 7

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response performed after a specific amount of time has passed is reinforced is called a

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-ratio schedule. 
B)  fixed-interval schedule. 
C)  variable-interval schedule. 
D)  variable-ratio schedule. 
E)  continuous reinforcement schedule. 
A)  fixed-ratio schedule. 
B)  fixed-interval schedule. 
C)  variable-interval schedule. 
D)  variable-ratio schedule. 
E)  continuous reinforcement schedule.

Question 8

When Sara misbehaves,her parents respond by not allowing her to watch TV for a certain amount of time. Her parents are using which method of discipline?

Accepted Answer

A)  escape learning 
B)  avoidance learning 
C)  negative reinforcement 
D)  positive reinforcement 
E)  punishment 
A)  escape learning 
B)  avoidance learning 
C)  negative reinforcement 
D)  positive reinforcement 
E)  punishment

Question 9

Which view holds that behavior is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences?

Accepted Answer

A)  the Law of Effect 
B)  radical behaviorism 
C)  behavior modification 
D)  programmed instruction 
E)  cognitive learning 
A)  the Law of Effect 
B)  radical behaviorism 
C)  behavior modification 
D)  programmed instruction 
E)  cognitive learning

Question 10

In applying a cognitive perspective to explaining classical conditioning,a psychologist would emphasize the extent to which the CS __________ the US.

Accepted Answer

A)  interferes with 
B)  predicts 
C)  follows 
D)  reduces 
E)  is elicited by 
A)  interferes with 
B)  predicts 
C)  follows 
D)  reduces 
E)  is elicited by

Question 11

Zorba gives his dog a treat for rolling over.Zorba explains this procedure as a form of

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned reinforcement. 
B)  punishment. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  positive reinforcement. 
E)  classical conditioning. 
A)  conditioned reinforcement. 
B)  punishment. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  positive reinforcement. 
E)  classical conditioning.

Question 12

Which of the following is the best definition of spontaneous recovery?

Accepted Answer

A)  the weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response over time 
B)  displaying a conditioned response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus 
C)  displaying a conditioned response to new neutral stimuli 
D)  displaying a conditioned response in the absence of the conditioned stimulus 
E)  return of a conditioned response following extinction 
A)  the weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response over time 
B)  displaying a conditioned response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus 
C)  displaying a conditioned response to new neutral stimuli 
D)  displaying a conditioned response in the absence of the conditioned stimulus 
E)  return of a conditioned response following extinction

Question 13

A reflexive reaction triggered by a stimulus is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned response. 
B)  unconditioned response. 
C)  unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  neutral response. 
E)  operant response. 
A)  conditioned response. 
B)  unconditioned response. 
C)  unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  neutral response. 
E)  operant response.

Question 14

Which researcher is associated with the study of conditioned taste aversions?

Accepted Answer

A)  John B.Watson 
B)  Ivan Pavlov 
C)  John Garcia 
D)  Robert Rescorla 
E)  Edward Thorndike 
A)  John B.Watson 
B)  Ivan Pavlov 
C)  John Garcia 
D)  Robert Rescorla 
E)  Edward Thorndike

Question 15

Regarding research on the classical conditioning of taste aversions,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Conditioning of taste aversions can be acquired on the basis of a single pairing of the flavor with a nausea-inducing substance. 
B)  Taste aversions can be acquired when the flavor is presented hours before the nausea-inducing substance. 
C)  Garcia and Koelling's work on taste aversions was no surprise to their colleagues; the research turned out as expected. 
D)  Garcia has applied his research to solve real-world problems. 
E)  Conditioned taste aversions have survival benefits. 
A)  Conditioning of taste aversions can be acquired on the basis of a single pairing of the flavor with a nausea-inducing substance. 
B)  Taste aversions can be acquired when the flavor is presented hours before the nausea-inducing substance. 
C)  Garcia and Koelling's work on taste aversions was no surprise to their colleagues; the research turned out as expected. 
D)  Garcia has applied his research to solve real-world problems. 
E)  Conditioned taste aversions have survival benefits.

Question 16

List 7 steps for using praise effectively with children.

Accepted Answer

First,the adult should have good non-ver

Question 17

In the classic latent learning experiments described in your text,it appears that the rats developed a mental representation of the maze.Researchers call this mental representation a

Accepted Answer

A)  discriminative stimulus. 
B)  cognitive map. 
C)  mental device. 
D)  secondary reinforcer. 
E)  latent structure. 
A)  discriminative stimulus. 
B)  cognitive map. 
C)  mental device. 
D)  secondary reinforcer. 
E)  latent structure.

Question 18

A discriminative stimulus signals that

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement is available for a particular response. 
B)  an unconditioned stimulus is about to be presented. 
C)  a conditioned stimulus is about to be presented. 
D)  a neutral stimulus is about to be presented. 
E)  an approximately correct response will receive reinforcement. 
A)  reinforcement is available for a particular response. 
B)  an unconditioned stimulus is about to be presented. 
C)  a conditioned stimulus is about to be presented. 
D)  a neutral stimulus is about to be presented. 
E)  an approximately correct response will receive reinforcement.

Question 19

A "scalloped" response pattern is typical of which type of reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-ratio 
B)  fixed-interval 
C)  variable-ratio 
D)  variable-interval 
E)  continuous 
A)  fixed-ratio 
B)  fixed-interval 
C)  variable-ratio 
D)  variable-interval 
E)  continuous

Question 20

Donatello is using the guidelines for reinforcement with her son Giovanni.Donatello tells her son,"Giovanni,when you clean up all of your toys,you'll get a gold star on your chart." Which guideline is Donatello working with?

Accepted Answer

A)  using social reinforcement to maintain the behavior 
B)  selecting a reinforcer 
C)  applying the reinforcer 
D)  tracking the frequency of desired behavior 
E)  explaining the contingency 
A)  using social reinforcement to maintain the behavior 
B)  selecting a reinforcer 
C)  applying the reinforcer 
D)  tracking the frequency of desired behavior 
E)  explaining the contingency

Which of the following is the best definition of reinforcer?

Summarize how classical conditioning is achieved.

Following _,a conditioned response may reappear.This process is known as __.

Distinguish between the different schedules of reinforcement.

The most surprising element in Garcia's research on taste aversion was that

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response performed after a specific amount of time has passed is reinforced is called a

When Sara misbehaves,her parents respond by not allowing her to watch TV for a certain amount of time. Her parents are using which method of discipline?

Which view holds that behavior is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences?

In applying a cognitive perspective to explaining classical conditioning,a psychologist would emphasize the extent to which the CS __________ the US.

Zorba gives his dog a treat for rolling over.Zorba explains this procedure as a form of

Which of the following is the best definition of spontaneous recovery?

A reflexive reaction triggered by a stimulus is a(n)

Which researcher is associated with the study of conditioned taste aversions?

Regarding research on the classical conditioning of taste aversions,which of the following statements is FALSE?

List 7 steps for using praise effectively with children.

In the classic latent learning experiments described in your text,it appears that the rats developed a mental representation of the maze.Researchers call this mental representation a

A discriminative stimulus signals that

A "scalloped" response pattern is typical of which type of reinforcement schedule?

Donatello is using the guidelines for reinforcement with her son Giovanni.Donatello tells her son,"Giovanni,when you clean up all of your toys,you'll get a gold star on your chart." Which guideline is Donatello working with?

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Exam 5: Learning

Which of the following is the best definition of reinforcer?

Summarize how classical conditioning is achieved.

Following _____,a conditioned response may reappear.This process is known as ______.

Distinguish between the different schedules of reinforcement.

The most surprising element in Garcia's research on taste aversion was that

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response performed after a specific amount of time has passed is reinforced is called a

When Sara misbehaves,her parents respond by not allowing her to watch TV for a certain amount of time. Her parents are using which method of discipline?

Which view holds that behavior is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences?

In applying a cognitive perspective to explaining classical conditioning,a psychologist would emphasize the extent to which the CS __________ the US.

Zorba gives his dog a treat for rolling over.Zorba explains this procedure as a form of

Which of the following is the best definition of spontaneous recovery?

A reflexive reaction triggered by a stimulus is a(n)

Which researcher is associated with the study of conditioned taste aversions?

Regarding research on the classical conditioning of taste aversions,which of the following statements is FALSE?

List 7 steps for using praise effectively with children.

In the classic latent learning experiments described in your text,it appears that the rats developed a mental representation of the maze.Researchers call this mental representation a

A discriminative stimulus signals that

A "scalloped" response pattern is typical of which type of reinforcement schedule?

Donatello is using the guidelines for reinforcement with her son Giovanni.Donatello tells her son,"Giovanni,when you clean up all of your toys,you'll get a gold star on your chart." Which guideline is Donatello working with?

The Science of Psychology

Biological Foundations of Behavior

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness

Memory

Thinking, language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Human Development

Psychology and Health

Personality

Psychological Disorders

Methods of Therapy

Social Psychology

Filters

Following _,a conditioned response may reappear.This process is known as __.