Question 1

Of the following parents giving praise to their child,which is using the most effective strategy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Abdul tells his daughter,"You're a good girl" when she is polite to the neighbor. 
B)  Barney tells his son,"I'm so proud of how well you prepared for your biology test." 
C)  Cornelius uses the phrase,"You did a wonderful job" every time he praises his daughter. 
D)  Darnell says to his son,"I'm proud of how you played tennis,but maybe next time you'll get more points." 
E)  Ed,who after his daughter shows him her artwork,avoids making eye contact but says,"That's a great job you did." 
A)  Abdul tells his daughter,"You're a good girl" when she is polite to the neighbor. 
B)  Barney tells his son,"I'm so proud of how well you prepared for your biology test." 
C)  Cornelius uses the phrase,"You did a wonderful job" every time he praises his daughter. 
D)  Darnell says to his son,"I'm proud of how you played tennis,but maybe next time you'll get more points." 
E)  Ed,who after his daughter shows him her artwork,avoids making eye contact but says,"That's a great job you did."

Question 2

Pavlov found that the strength of a conditioned response increased with the number of pairings of the

Accepted Answer

A)  CR and UR. 
B)  CS and US. 
C)  CS and CR. 
D)  CS and UR. 
E)  CR and US. 
A)  CR and UR. 
B)  CS and US. 
C)  CS and CR. 
D)  CS and UR. 
E)  CR and US.

Question 3

Skinner found that coincidental association of a behavior and a reinforcement may result in

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction. 
B)  superstitious behavior. 
C)  stimulus discrimination. 
D)  taste aversions. 
E)  the development of phobias. 
A)  extinction. 
B)  superstitious behavior. 
C)  stimulus discrimination. 
D)  taste aversions. 
E)  the development of phobias.

Question 4

In operant conditioning,positive reinforcement ______ the likelihood of repeating a response,negative reinforcement ______ the likelihood of repeating a response,and punishment ______ the likelihood of repeating a response.

Accepted Answer

A)  strengthens; weakens; weakens 
B)  strengthens; strengthens; strengthens 
C)  weakens; strengthens; strengthens 
D)  strengthens; weakens; strengthens 
E)  strengthens; strengthens; weakens 
A)  strengthens; weakens; weakens 
B)  strengthens; strengthens; strengthens 
C)  weakens; strengthens; strengthens 
D)  strengthens; weakens; strengthens 
E)  strengthens; strengthens; weakens

Question 5

Following extinction,a conditioned response can be learned again more quickly than it was learned originally.This process is called

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  generalization. 
C)  discrimination. 
D)  reconditioning. 
E)  shaping. 
A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  generalization. 
C)  discrimination. 
D)  reconditioning. 
E)  shaping.

Question 6

Regarding classical conditioning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Immune system responses can be classically conditioned. 
B)  Drug cravings and taste aversions can be acquired through classical conditioning. 
C)  Feelings of nostalgia can be elicited by stimuli that were associated with pleasant experiences in the past. 
D)  Taste aversions can be acquired with a single pairing of a food or drink and a nausea-inducing stimulus. 
E)  While classical conditioning is effective in creating phobias,its principles are not particularly useful in therapy to address phobias. 
A)  Immune system responses can be classically conditioned. 
B)  Drug cravings and taste aversions can be acquired through classical conditioning. 
C)  Feelings of nostalgia can be elicited by stimuli that were associated with pleasant experiences in the past. 
D)  Taste aversions can be acquired with a single pairing of a food or drink and a nausea-inducing stimulus. 
E)  While classical conditioning is effective in creating phobias,its principles are not particularly useful in therapy to address phobias.

Question 7

Although Little Albert was classically conditioned to fear a rat,he also began to fear dogs,rabbits,and a Santa Claus mask.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  stimulus generalization. 
C)  stimulus discrimination. 
D)  extinction. 
E)  reconditioning. 
A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  stimulus generalization. 
C)  stimulus discrimination. 
D)  extinction. 
E)  reconditioning.

Question 8

In psychology,learning is generally defined as

Accepted Answer

A)  any change in behavior that is not a simple reflex. 
B)  changes in behavior that reflect maturation. 
C)  any adaptive change in behavior. 
D)  relatively permanent changes in behavior due to natural development. 
E)  relatively permanent changes in behavior due to experience. 
A)  any change in behavior that is not a simple reflex. 
B)  changes in behavior that reflect maturation. 
C)  any adaptive change in behavior. 
D)  relatively permanent changes in behavior due to natural development. 
E)  relatively permanent changes in behavior due to experience.

Question 9

Regarding classical conditioning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Stimulus generalization helps explain the development of phobias. 
B)  In extinction,conditioned responses gradually weaken and disappear. 
C)  By learning to differentiate among related stimuli,animals are able to distinguish between threatening and nonthreatening situations. 
D)  Stimulus generalization has survival value because it allows animals to generalize learned responses to originally threatening stimuli. 
E)  Extinguished responses are forgotten if they are not reinforced. 
A)  Stimulus generalization helps explain the development of phobias. 
B)  In extinction,conditioned responses gradually weaken and disappear. 
C)  By learning to differentiate among related stimuli,animals are able to distinguish between threatening and nonthreatening situations. 
D)  Stimulus generalization has survival value because it allows animals to generalize learned responses to originally threatening stimuli. 
E)  Extinguished responses are forgotten if they are not reinforced.

Question 10

Paul has turned to alcohol in order to flee from the problems in his marriage. We can explain his behavior as a form of

Accepted Answer

A)  superstitious behavior. 
B)  escape learning. 
C)  latent learning. 
D)  insight learning. 
E)  observational learning. 
A)  superstitious behavior. 
B)  escape learning. 
C)  latent learning. 
D)  insight learning. 
E)  observational learning.

Question 11

A child receives a dime for,on average,every 5 dandelions he pulls from the yard.This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio 
B)  variable ratio 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  variable interval 
E)  continuous reinforcement 
A)  fixed ratio 
B)  variable ratio 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  variable interval 
E)  continuous reinforcement

Question 12

Researchers use the method of successive approximations in the process of

Accepted Answer

A)  insight learning. 
B)  higher-order conditioning. 
C)  conditioning taste aversions. 
D)  shaping. 
E)  extinction. 
A)  insight learning. 
B)  higher-order conditioning. 
C)  conditioning taste aversions. 
D)  shaping. 
E)  extinction.

Question 13

Regarding operant conditioning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Positive reinforcement leads to strengthening of response,whereas negative reinforcement leads to weakening of response. 
B)  Discriminative stimuli set the stage for reinforcement. 
C)  Organisms are capable of learning complex behaviors through reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behaviors. 
D)  Some reinforcers are rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs,whereas others acquire reward value through experience. 
E)  Extinction is achieved by no longer reinforcing the desired response. 
A)  Positive reinforcement leads to strengthening of response,whereas negative reinforcement leads to weakening of response. 
B)  Discriminative stimuli set the stage for reinforcement. 
C)  Organisms are capable of learning complex behaviors through reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behaviors. 
D)  Some reinforcers are rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs,whereas others acquire reward value through experience. 
E)  Extinction is achieved by no longer reinforcing the desired response.

Question 14

Your significant other gives you a compliment,and you smile at him/her.The probability that s/he will give you another compliment increases.This is an example of which type of learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Latent learning 
B)  Insight learning 
C)  Observational learning 
D)  Classical conditioning 
E)  Instrumental learning 
A)  Latent learning 
B)  Insight learning 
C)  Observational learning 
D)  Classical conditioning 
E)  Instrumental learning

Question 15

In Garcia's research on taste aversions,what was the neutral stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A)  radiation 
B)  taste of the water 
C)  nausea 
D)  electric shocks 
E)  taste of the food 
A)  radiation 
B)  taste of the water 
C)  nausea 
D)  electric shocks 
E)  taste of the food

Question 16

Rescorla's applies a cognitive perspective in explaining classical conditioning.He focuses on the extent to which the CS __________ the US.

Accepted Answer

A)  interferes with 
B)  predicts 
C)  follows 
D)  reduces 
E)  is elicited by 
A)  interferes with 
B)  predicts 
C)  follows 
D)  reduces 
E)  is elicited by

Question 17

In classical conditioning,a conditioned response can weaken and eventually disappear.This is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  generalization. 
C)  discrimination. 
D)  reconditioning. 
E)  extinction. 
A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  generalization. 
C)  discrimination. 
D)  reconditioning. 
E)  extinction.

Question 18

Which of the following pairings is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  Garcia -- conditioned emotional response 
B)  Thorndike -- schedules of reinforcement 
C)  Skinner -- operant conditioning 
D)  Watson -- classical conditioning of reflexes 
E)  Pavlov -- classical conditioning of emotions 
A)  Garcia -- conditioned emotional response 
B)  Thorndike -- schedules of reinforcement 
C)  Skinner -- operant conditioning 
D)  Watson -- classical conditioning of reflexes 
E)  Pavlov -- classical conditioning of emotions

Question 19

Which of the following represents an application of a cognitive perspective on classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  The organism uses the CS to make predictions about the occurrence of events in the environment. 
B)  The stronger the CS,the stronger the CR. 
C)  The stronger the CS,the greater the resistance to extinction. 
D)  The US holds information value the organism uses to know how to respond. 
E)  The US becomes a reliable signal for predicting the occurrence of the CS. 
A)  The organism uses the CS to make predictions about the occurrence of events in the environment. 
B)  The stronger the CS,the stronger the CR. 
C)  The stronger the CS,the greater the resistance to extinction. 
D)  The US holds information value the organism uses to know how to respond. 
E)  The US becomes a reliable signal for predicting the occurrence of the CS.

Question 20

A puff of air to the eye causes a reflexive blink.If you precede the puff of air with a buzzer,eventually the buzzer will cause a blink.In this example,the puff of air is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  conditioned stimulus. 
C)  neutral stimulus. 
D)  unconditioned response. 
E)  conditioned response. 
A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  conditioned stimulus. 
C)  neutral stimulus. 
D)  unconditioned response. 
E)  conditioned response.

Of the following parents giving praise to their child,which is using the most effective strategy?

Pavlov found that the strength of a conditioned response increased with the number of pairings of the

Skinner found that coincidental association of a behavior and a reinforcement may result in

In operant conditioning,positive reinforcement the likelihood of repeating a response,negative reinforcement the likelihood of repeating a response,and punishment __ the likelihood of repeating a response.

Following extinction,a conditioned response can be learned again more quickly than it was learned originally.This process is called

Regarding classical conditioning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Although Little Albert was classically conditioned to fear a rat,he also began to fear dogs,rabbits,and a Santa Claus mask.This is an example of

In psychology,learning is generally defined as

Regarding classical conditioning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Paul has turned to alcohol in order to flee from the problems in his marriage. We can explain his behavior as a form of

A child receives a dime for,on average,every 5 dandelions he pulls from the yard.This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement.

Researchers use the method of successive approximations in the process of

Regarding operant conditioning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Your significant other gives you a compliment,and you smile at him/her.The probability that s/he will give you another compliment increases.This is an example of which type of learning?

In Garcia's research on taste aversions,what was the neutral stimulus?

Rescorla's applies a cognitive perspective in explaining classical conditioning.He focuses on the extent to which the CS __________ the US.

In classical conditioning,a conditioned response can weaken and eventually disappear.This is referred to as

Which of the following pairings is correct?

Which of the following represents an application of a cognitive perspective on classical conditioning?

A puff of air to the eye causes a reflexive blink.If you precede the puff of air with a buzzer,eventually the buzzer will cause a blink.In this example,the puff of air is called the

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Exam 5: Learning

Of the following parents giving praise to their child,which is using the most effective strategy?

Pavlov found that the strength of a conditioned response increased with the number of pairings of the

Skinner found that coincidental association of a behavior and a reinforcement may result in

In operant conditioning,positive reinforcement ______ the likelihood of repeating a response,negative reinforcement ______ the likelihood of repeating a response,and punishment ______ the likelihood of repeating a response.

Following extinction,a conditioned response can be learned again more quickly than it was learned originally.This process is called

Regarding classical conditioning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Although Little Albert was classically conditioned to fear a rat,he also began to fear dogs,rabbits,and a Santa Claus mask.This is an example of

In psychology,learning is generally defined as

Regarding classical conditioning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Paul has turned to alcohol in order to flee from the problems in his marriage. We can explain his behavior as a form of

A child receives a dime for,on average,every 5 dandelions he pulls from the yard.This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement.

Researchers use the method of successive approximations in the process of

Regarding operant conditioning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Your significant other gives you a compliment,and you smile at him/her.The probability that s/he will give you another compliment increases.This is an example of which type of learning?

In Garcia's research on taste aversions,what was the neutral stimulus?

Rescorla's applies a cognitive perspective in explaining classical conditioning.He focuses on the extent to which the CS __________ the US.

In classical conditioning,a conditioned response can weaken and eventually disappear.This is referred to as

Which of the following pairings is correct?

Which of the following represents an application of a cognitive perspective on classical conditioning?

A puff of air to the eye causes a reflexive blink.If you precede the puff of air with a buzzer,eventually the buzzer will cause a blink.In this example,the puff of air is called the

The Science of Psychology

Biological Foundations of Behavior

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness

Memory

Thinking, language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Human Development

Psychology and Health

Personality

Psychological Disorders

Methods of Therapy

Social Psychology

Filters

In operant conditioning,positive reinforcement the likelihood of repeating a response,negative reinforcement the likelihood of repeating a response,and punishment __ the likelihood of repeating a response.